Immune modulating effects of additional supplementation of estradiol combined with testosterone in murine testosterone-deficient NAFLD model

The progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with testosterone deficiency. NAFLD patients generally do not respond to treatment with testosterone alone. In animal studies, treatment with testosterone and estrogen reduced the ratios of ILC2:CD45 and ILC3:CD45 and increased M2 macrophages in liver. Our study suggests, based on our immunological data, that a combination of estrogen and testosterone may be clinically relevant for the treatment of NAFLD in patients with male menopause.

Download Full-text

Use of Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists to Treat Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Digestive Diseases ◽

10.1159/000371698 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 426-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Arun J. Sanyal

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Farnesoid X Receptor ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Improve Insulin Resistance

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common cause of liver related morbidity and mortality. It is closely linked to underlying insulin resistance. It has recently been shown that bile acids modulate insulin signaling and can improve insulin resistance in cell based and animal studies. These effects are mediated in part by activation of farnesoid x receptors by bile acids. In human studies, FXR agonists improve insulin resistance and have recently been shown to improve NAFLD. The basis for the use of FXR agonists for the treatment of NAFLD and early human experience with such agents is reviewed in this paper.

Download Full-text

Association between dietary raw garlic intake and newly diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-19-0179 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 181 (6) ◽

pp. 591-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shunming Zhang ◽

Yeqing Gu ◽

Liu Wang ◽

Qing Zhang ◽

Li Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Population Based ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Frequent Consumption

Background and Aims The protective effect of garlic against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported in animal studies. However, in humans, the association between garlic consumption and NAFLD is unclear. The study sought to explore the association between habitual raw garlic intake and newly diagnosed NAFLD among Chinese adults. Methods We performed a study of 11,326 men and 12,780 women aged 20–90 years. Habitual food intake was assessed using a validated and standardized 100-item food frequency questionnaire. Diagnosis of NAFLD was based on the liver ultrasonography and self-reported alcohol intake. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of raw garlic intake with newly diagnosed NAFLD. Results The prevalence of newly diagnosed NAFLD was 28.9% in men and 10.1% in women, respectively. In men, the fully adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of having NAFLD across increasing frequency of raw garlic intake were 1.00 (reference) for <1 time/week, 0.81 (0.73, 0.90) for 1–3 times/week, 0.66 (0.54, 0.80) for 4–6 times/week, and 0.71 (0.55, 0.90) for ≥7 times/week (P for trend <0.0001). The odds ratio for NAFLD associated with each 1 g of raw garlic/1000 kcal was 0.93 (0.90, 0.97) in men. In women, no significant association between raw garlic intake and NAFLD was identified. These associations between raw garlic intake and NAFLD were consistent in several sensitivity analyses. Conclusions Frequent consumption of raw garlic is inversely associated with NAFLD in Chinese men. Further investigations are needed to confirm this finding.

Download Full-text

Soy Food Intake Is Inversely Associated with Newly Diagnosed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the TCLSIH Cohort Study

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa297 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 150 (12) ◽

pp. 3280-3287

Author(s):

Shunming Zhang ◽

Shubham Kumari ◽

Yeqing Gu ◽

Xiaohui Wu ◽

Xiaoyue Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

Food Intake ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Reference Group ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

ABSTRACT Background Animal studies have shown that soy protein and isoflavones can increase antioxidant capacity and improve insulin resistance, and thus ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, only limited epidemiological studies have examined the association of soy food intake with NAFLD. Objectives We investigated the association between soy food intake and NAFLD in a Chinese cohort. Methods A total of 24,622 participants aged 20–90 y were included in the study. Diet information was collected using a validated 100-item FFQ. NAFLD was defined as having fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasonography and excluding men and women who consumed >210 g alcohol/wk and >140 g/wk, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of soy food intake with NAFLD. Results After adjustment for potential confounders, and taking those with <1 time/wk soy food intake as the reference group, the ORs for NAFLD across soy food intake frequency were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.07) for 1 time/wk, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.99) for 2–3 times/wk, and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.87) for ≥4 times/wk (P-trend <0.0001). The results were similar when participants were categorized by the energy-adjusted soy food intake (grams per 1000 kilocalories) quartiles (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.91; comparing extreme quartiles). Conclusions Higher soy food intake was associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD in Chinese adults. Further prospective studies and randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm if soy food intake is inversely related to the risk of NAFLD.

Download Full-text

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with lower hepatic and erythrocyte ratios of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2012-0261 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 334-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Bianca M. Arendt ◽

David W.L. Ma ◽

Brigitte Simons ◽

Seham A. Noureldin ◽

George Therapondos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Disease ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Lipid Composition ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Pe Ratio

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with altered hepatic lipid composition. Animal studies suggest that the hepatic ratio of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) contributes to steatogenesis and inflammation. This ratio may be influenced by dysregulation of the PE N-methyltransferase (PEMT) pathway or by a low-choline diet. Alterations in the liver may also influence lipid composition in circulation such as in erythrocytes, which therefore may have utility as a biomarker of hepatic disease. Currently, no study has assessed both liver and erythrocyte PC/PE ratios in NAFLD. The aim of this study was to compare the PC/PE ratio in the liver and erythrocytes of patients with simple steatosis (SS) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with that of healthy controls. PC and PE were measured by mass spectrometry in 28 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD (14 SS, 14 NASH) and 9 healthy living liver donors as controls. The hepatic PC/PE ratio was lower in SS patients (median [range]) (1.23 [0.27–3.40]) and NASH patients (1.29 [0.77–3.22]) compared with controls (3.14 [2.20–3.73]); both p < 0.001) but it was not different between SS and NASH. PC was lower and PE higher in the liver of SS patients compared with controls, whereas in NASH patients only PE was higher. The PC/PE ratio in erythrocytes was also lower in SS and NASH patients compared with controls because of lower PC in both patient groups. PE in erythrocytes was not different among the groups. In conclusion, NAFLD patients have a lower PC/PE ratio in the liver and erythrocytes than do healthy controls, which may play a role in the pathogenesis. The underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

Download Full-text