CCK-58 is the only detectable endocrine form of cholecystokinin in rat

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (2) ◽  
pp. G255-G265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Reeve ◽  
Gary M. Green ◽  
Peter Chew ◽  
Viktor E. Eysselein ◽  
David A. Keire
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Pancreatic Secretion ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
New Method ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Gallbladder Contraction ◽  
Rat Blood ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Fasted Rats

CCK-58 differs from CCK-8 in patterns of expression of pancreatic secretion of fluid and amylase and gallbladder contraction. These differences have physiological relevance only if CCK-58 release is stimulated by nutrients entering the intestine and if CCK-58 circulates in sizeable amounts. In this study, we report that when radiolabeled CCK-58 is added to rat blood and plasma is formed, there is extensive loss and degradation of the radioactive peptide. Therefore, a new method was developed to minimize loss and degradation of this label. This method recovered >85% of the label with no detectable degradation. Furthermore, the optimized method recovered all unlabeled exogenous cholecystokinin molecular forms in >80% yields. Blood from fasted rats and rats in which cholecystokinin release was stimulated by the trypsin inhibitor camostat contained only CCK-58 (3.5 ± 0.5 and 17 ± 1.5 fmol/ml, respectively). Because CCK-58 predominates in the blood, this molecular form should be used in studies on the physiology and pathophysiology of cholecystokinin.

scholarly journals Molecular forms of Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles sundaicus in the Indian subcontinent

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankita Sindhania ◽  
Manoj K. Das ◽  
Gunjan Sharma ◽  
Sinnathamby N. Surendran ◽  
B. R. Kaushal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Anopheles Subpictus ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Abstract Background Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles sundaicus are closely related species, each comprising several sibling species. Ambiguities exist in the classification of these two nominal species and the specific status of members of these species complexes. Identifying fixed molecular forms and mapping their spatial distribution will help in resolving the taxonomic ambiguities and understanding their relative epidemiological significance. Methods DNA sequencing of Internal Transcribed Spacer-2 (ITS2), 28S-rDNA (D1-to-D3 domains) and cytochrome oxidase-II (COII) of morphologically identified specimens of two nominal species, An. subpictus sensu lato (s.l.) and An. sundaicus s.l., collected from the Indian subcontinent, was performed and subjected to genetic distance and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Results Molecular characterization of mosquitoes for rDNA revealed the presence of two molecular forms of An. sundaicus s.l. and three molecular forms of An. subpictus s.l. (provisionally designated as Form A, B and C) in the Indian subcontinent. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two distinct clades: (i) subpictus clade, with a single molecular form of An. subpictus (Form A) prevalent in mainland India and Sri Lanka, and (ii) sundaicus clade, comprising of members of Sundaicus Complex, two molecular forms of An. subpictus s.l. (Form B and C), prevalent in coastal areas or islands in Indian subcontinent, and molecular forms of An. subpictus s.l. reported from Thailand and Indonesia. Based on the number of float-ridges on eggs, all An. subpictus molecular Form B were classified as Species B whereas majority (80%) of the molecular Form A were classified as sibling species C. Fixed intragenomic sequence variation in ITS2 with the presence of two haplotypes was found in molecular Form A throughout its distribution. Conclusion A total of three molecular forms of An. subpictus s.l. and two molecular forms of An. sundaicus s.l. were recorded in the Indian subcontinent. Phylogenetically, two forms of An. subpictus s.l. (Form B and C) prevalent in coastal areas or islands in the Indian subcontinent and molecular forms reported from Southeast Asia are members of Sundaicus Complex. Molecular Form A of An. subpictus is distantly related to all other forms and deserve a distinct specific status.

Bioactivity of cholecystokinin analogues: CCK-8 is not more potent than CCK-33

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. G105-G111 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Solomon ◽  
T. Yamada ◽  
J. Elashoff ◽  
J. Wood ◽  
C. Beglinger
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Pancreatic Secretion ◽  
Gallbladder Contraction ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Structural Analogues ◽  
Biological Actions

We determined the relative molar potencies of structural analogues of porcine cholecystokinin (CCK-39, CCK-33, CCK-8, and caerulein). Peptide concentrations delivered in infusates or present in bathing medium were measured by radioimmunoassay. The presence of albumin prevented loss of CCK-39 and CCK-33 from solution to a greater degree than loss of CCK-8 and caerulein from solution. As much as 10-fold differences in CCK-33 and CCK-39 concentrations were seen in albumin-containing versus nonalbumin-containing infusates. The potency estimates calculated from radioimmunoassay-corrected concentrations with CCK-8 as standard (potency 1.00) were canine pancreatic secretion in vivo: CCK-39 4.1, CCK-33 2.2, and caerulein 2.1; rat pancreatic secretion in vivo: CCK-39 2.1, CCK-33 5.4, and caerulein 5.4; rat pancreatic secretion in vitro: CCK-33 1.7, and caerulein 1.2; guinea pig gallbladder contraction in vivo: CCK-33 1.3, and caerulein 0.9; and guinea pig gallbladder contraction in vitro: CCK-33 1.8, and caerulein 5.8. Our data indicate that CCK-8 is not more potent than longer analogues and suggest that larger forms of CCK may be important mediators of the biological actions of CCK.

scholarly journals Spatial swarm segregation and reproductive isolation between the molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1676) ◽  
pp. 4215-4222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoulaye Diabaté ◽  
Adama Dao ◽  
Alpha S. Yaro ◽  
Abdoulaye Adamou ◽  
Rodrigo Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Ecological Criteria ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Anopheles gambiae , the major malaria vector in Africa, can be divided into two subgroups based on genetic and ecological criteria. These two subgroups, termed the M and S molecular forms, are believed to be incipient species. Although they display differences in the ecological niches they occupy in the field, they are often sympatric and readily hybridize in the laboratory to produce viable and fertile offspring. Evidence for assortative mating in the field was recently reported, but the underlying mechanisms awaited discovery. We studied swarming behaviour of the molecular forms and investigated the role of swarm segregation in mediating assortative mating. Molecular identification of 1145 males collected from 68 swarms in Donéguébougou, Mali, over 2 years revealed a strict pattern of spatial segregation, resulting in almost exclusively monotypic swarms with respect to molecular form. We found evidence of clustering of swarms composed of individuals of a single molecular form within the village. Tethered M and S females were introduced into natural swarms of the M form to verify the existence of possible mate recognition operating within-swarm. Both M and S females were inseminated regardless of their form under these conditions, suggesting no within-mate recognition. We argue that our results provide evidence that swarm spatial segregation strongly contributes to reproductive isolation between the molecular forms in Mali. However this does not exclude the possibility of additional mate recognition operating across the range distribution of the forms. We discuss the importance of spatial segregation in the context of possible geographic variation in mechanisms of reproductive isolation.

Mammalian bombesin as a hormone in ovine pregnancy: ontogeny, origin, and molecular forms

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (6) ◽  
pp. E866-E873
Author(s):  
A. Giraud ◽  
L. Parker ◽  
D. Taupin ◽  
K. Hardy ◽  
A. Shulkes
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Uterine Contraction ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Fetal Urine ◽  
Ovine Fetal

Mammalian gastrin-releasing peptides (GRP) are present in female reproductive tissues and stimulate uterine contraction and DNA synthesis in the endometrium. We set out to establish whether the GRP were likely to play a role in fetal development by measuring the fetal and maternal plasma concentrations in chronically cannulated fetal sheep from 115 days gestation to term (145 days) and for 18 days after parturition. Placental fluids and fetal urine were also obtained. In a separate series of animals, uterine, placental, and fetal gut and lung tissues were collected. Samples were extracted in acid and assayed by radioimmunoassay, and molecular forms were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography. GRP were present in the decidua (> 10 pmol/g), as well as placental, uterine, lung, and gastrointestinal tissues (all < 6 pmol/g). Fetal and maternal plasma GRP were elevated compared with nonpregnant ewes, falling sharply after parturition. Placental fluids and urine also contained GRP (80-410 fmol/ml). The main molecular form in all tissues and fluids examined coeluted with porcine GRP-(18-27). GRP immunoreactivity was primarily localized to epithelial cells of the decidua. These data suggest that plasma GRP is probably derived from the decidua and may play a role as a circulating hormone in ovine fetal and uterine development.

Spectroscopy of maize proteins I. Molecular forms of the trypsin inhibitor

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-482
Author(s):  
V. S. Fedenko ◽  
I. A. Filonik ◽  
V. S. Struzhko ◽  
A. N. Vinnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Molecular Forms

Different molecular forms of acid-stable trypsin inhibitor in normal and uremic plasma

1990 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etsuo Yoshida ◽  
Hiroyuki Sumi ◽  
Hisashi Mihara
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Acid Stable

scholarly journals Optical properties and denaturation by guanidinium chloride and urea of the adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. A comparison of four molecular forms of the enzyme

1977 ◽  
Vol 161 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Nieto ◽  
J A Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Quaternary Structure ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Guanidinium Chloride ◽  
Micrococcus Lysodeikticus ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

1. The fluorescence and circular dichroism of four homogeneous preparations of ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) from Micrococcus lysodeikticus differing in molecular structure and enzymic properties were examined at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees. Emission was maximum at 325 and 335 nm and the relative intensities at these wavelengths may be used to characterize the different ATPase preparations. The circular-dichroism spectra exhibited negative extrema at 208 and 220 nm, and the relative value of the molar ellipticity at these wavelengths was also different for each molecular form of the enzyme. 2. The four preparations undergo two consecutive major unfolding transitions in guanidinium chloride (midpoints at 0.94 and 1.5 M denaturant), with concomitant destruction of the quaternary structure of the protein. A comparatively minor alteration in the ATPase structure also occurred in 0.05-0.2M-guanidine and led to complete inactivation of the enzyme. The inactivation and the first unfolding transition were reversible by dilution of the denaturant; the transition with midpoint at 1.5M-guanidine was irreversible. 3. Similar results were obtained in urea, except that the successive transitions had midpoints at concentrations of denaturant of 0.4, 2.0 and 4.5M. Low concentrations of urea caused a noticeable activation of the enzyme activity and alterations of the electrophoretic mobility of the ATPase. 4. A model is proposed in which one of the major subunits, alpha, is first dissociated and unfolded reversibly by the denaturants, followed by the irreversible unfolding and dissociation of the other major subunit, beta, from subunit delta and/or the components of relative mobility 1.0 in dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (rho).

An evaluation of a new method for collection of exocrine pancreatic secretion in the pig

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-341
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Winnicki ◽  
Wojciech Brzeski
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Duct ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Pancreatic Secretion ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
New Method ◽  
Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion ◽  
Duodenal Papilla ◽  
Minor Duodenal Papilla

Surgical techniques for the cannulation of the pancreatic duct via the minor duodenal papilla in the pig are described. The dynamics of pancreatic juice secretion and animal behavior for pigs operated on according to a new method are compared with conventional animals. A means of redirecting the exocrine pancreatic secretion into the duodenum was also demonstrated. Key words: Cannulation, pancreas, pig

scholarly journals Influence of components ratio on the tendency of table wine materials to crystalline calcium haze

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Виктория Григорьевна Гержикова ◽  
Надежда Станиславовна Аникина ◽  
Антонина Валерьевна Весютова ◽  
Марианна Вадимовна Ермихина ◽  
Ольга Викторовна Рябинина
Keyword(s):  
Tartaric Acid ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Saturation Temperature ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Degree Of Dissociation ◽  
Anionic Composition ◽  
The Relationship

Одним из наиболее распространенных видов кристаллических помутнений вин является образование кристаллов виннокислых солей в готовой продукции. Обеспечение ее розливостойкости достигается путем использования современных методов диагностики и технологическими приемами обработки виноматериалов. Кристаллические помутнения вин связаны с образованием калиевых и кальциевых солей винной кислоты. Винная кислота является органической кислотой вина, которая диссоциирует на анионы раньше других кислот. Так, при рН 2,87 она распадается на недиссоциированную (молекулярную) форму винной кислоты (56,1 % ее общего содержания), на битартратную (I ступень диссоциации) - 41,7 %, тартратную (II ступень диссоциации) - 2,2 %. При рН = 3,95 соотношение форм составляет соответственно 6,5; 57,8; 35,7%. Аналогичные результаты диссоциации яблочной кислоты при рН = 2,87 составляют 77,0; 22,8; 0,2% ее общего содержания; при рН 3,95 - 20,0; 71,4; 8,6% ее концентрации. При рН 3,0 соотношение молекулярных форм винной и яблочной кислот составляет 0,68, диссоциированных по I ступени - 1,69; по II ступени - 11,0. Целью работы послужило выявление взаимосвязи между показателями катионно-анионного состава виноматериалов и их склонностью к кальциевым помутнениям. Объекты исследования: 64 образца белых столовых виноматериалов, в которых определено рН, температура насыщения тартратом кальция, содержание винной кислоты, кальция (Ca), тартрат-ионов (Т). Показано, что рН является важной характеристикой склонности вин к кристаллическим кальциевым помутнениям, так как его значения определяют степень диссоциации винной кислоты. В результате математической обработки экспериментальных данных выявлена взаимосвязь температуры насыщения (CaTar) и соотношений Т/Ca, винной кислоты/рН (коэффициент множественной корреляции r=0,78). Результаты работы будут использованы для усовершенствования системы диагностики вин при оценке их склонности к кальциевым помутнениям. One of the most common types of crystalline haze of wines is the formation of crystals of tartaric salts in the finished products. Wine stability after bottling is achieved by using modern diagnostic methods and technological approaches of processing wine materials. Crystalline haze of wines is associated with the formation of potassium and calcium salts of tartaric acid. Tartaric acid is the organic acid of wine that dissociates into anions earlier than other acids. Thus, at pH 2,87, it breaks down into the undissociated (molecular) form of tartaric acid (56,1% of its total content), bitartrate (I stage of dissociation) - 41,7%, tartrate (II stage of dissociation) - 2,2 %. At pH = 3,95, the ratio of forms is 6,5; 57,8; 35,7%, respectively. Similar results of dissociation of malic acid at pH = 2,87 are 77,0; 22,8; 0,2% of its total content; at pH = 3,95 they are 20,0; 71,4; 8,6% of its concentration. At pH = 3,0, ratio of the molecular forms of tartaric and malic acids is 0,68, dissociated according to I stage - 1,69; II stage - 11,0. Study objective is to identify the relationship between the cationic-anionic composition of wine materials and tendency to calcium haze. Objects of the study are 64 samples of white table wine materials, with the determined parameters of pH, temperature of saturation of calcium tartrate, content of tartaric acid, calcium (Ca), tartrate ions (Т). It is shown that pH is an important characteristic of the tendency of wines to crystalline calcium haze, since its values determine the degree of dissociation of tartaric acid. As a result of mathematical processing of the experimental data, the relationship between the saturation temperature (CaTar) and the ratios Т/Ca, tartaric acid / pH (coefficient of multiple correlation r = 0,78) was revealed. The results of the study will be used to improve the system of wine diagnostic tests in assessing the tendency to calcium haze.

Chicken gastrin: a member of the gastrin/CCK family with novel structure-activity relationships

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. G882-G888 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dimaline ◽  
C. M. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Gastric Secretion ◽  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Pancreatic Secretion ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Steric Effect ◽  
Gallbladder Contraction ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Novel Structure ◽  
Biological Actions

The biological activity of natural chicken gastrins isolated from the "antrum"-like region of the chicken gut have been studied on gastric secretion in chickens, turkeys, and rats, pancreatic secretion in turkeys and rats, and gallbladder contraction in chickens and guinea pigs. Natural chicken gastrin was shown to be approximately 85% sulfated on the tyrosine that occurs at position 7 from the COOH-terminus. In both avian and mammalian systems, chicken gastrins were found to be potent stimulants of acid secretion but were virtually inactive as stimulants of pancreatic secretion and gallbladder contraction. Peptides with the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide amide of CCK and a sulfated tyrosine at position 7 from the COOH-terminus are usually potent stimulants of pancreas and gallbladder. However, although chicken gastrin has a CCK-like structure, it has a gastrin-like spectrum of biological actions. A proline immediately adjacent to the sulfated tyrosine may produce a steric effect that lowers the activity of chicken gastrin on pancreas and gallbladder. Evidently, then, the factors that determine specificity of action of CCK and gastrin are different in birds and mammals.

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