Modification of lymph during passage through the lymph node: effect of histamine

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (4) ◽  
pp. H553-H559
Author(s):  
M. B. Maron
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Significant Modification ◽  
Average Flow

The possibility that histamine may cause the fluid and protein content of lymph to be altered during passage through the lymph node was evaluated using the canine perfused popliteal lymph node preparation. This preparation enables nodal perfusion via an afferent lymphatic (all other afferents are ligated) with artificial lymph of known composition and collection of the total efferent effluent for analysis of potential changes in volume and composition. In 11 dogs, the node was perfused at an average flow rate of 0.229 ml/min with artificial lymph containing 3.71 g/100 ml albumin. Under base-line conditions, there was no significant modification of the lymph as it passed through the node. The addition of histamine to the infusate (2-4 micrograms base/ml) caused the efferent lymph flow to increase to 0.295 ml/min (35.3% increases, P less than 0.05), the efferent protein concentration to increase to 4.32 g/100 ml (15.2% increases, P less than 0.05), and the efferent protein flux to increase from 8.40 to 12.86 mg/min (58.0% increases, P less than 0.05). The appearance of Evans blue dye-tagged protein and plasma protein fractions, not originally present in the lymph, in the efferent lymph at this time further indicated that the source of the added fluid and protein was the nodal vasculature. Mass balance calculations indicated that the addition of a fluid with a protein concentration of approximately 90% that of plasma to the lymph could account for the observed increases in efferent lymph flow and protein concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Intrathoracic sources of caudal mediastinal lymph node efferent lymph in sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Koike ◽  
K. H. Albertine ◽  
N. C. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Total Protein Concentration ◽  
Efferent Duct ◽  
Line Flow

We investigated the intrathoracic contributions to the caudal mediastinal lymph node (CMN) efferent lymph in 12 anesthetized sheep after removing possible systemic contributions from below the diaphragm. We interrupted various pathways that may send lymph to the CMN (chest wall, esophagus, lung). Because the experiment is destructive, we did the resections in various combinations and waited 1 h between steps. Base-line CMN efferent lymph flow averaged 0.90 +/- 0.52 g/15 min (mean +/- SD). Cutting the pulmonary ligaments bilaterally caused lymph flow to decrease by an average of 58%. In five sheep, cauterizing around the lung hila reduced lymph flow by 16% of base line, cauterizing along the esophagus reduced lymph flow by 18% of base line, and cauterizing along the chest wall increased lymph flow by 6% of base line. After complete isolation of the node, except for the bronchoesophageal artery, dorsal mediastinal vein, and CMN efferent duct, 14% of base-line flow remained. The lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration ratios did not change significantly with any procedure. Under the conditions of our experiments, approximately 74% of base-line intrathoracic CMN efferent flow comes from the lung.

A Design Method for Thermosyphon Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Malkin ◽  
S. A. Klein ◽  
J. A. Duffie ◽  
A. B. Copsey
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Average Flow ◽  
Solar Fraction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flow Circuit

A modification to the f-Chart method has been developed to predict monthly and annual performance of thermosyphon solar domestic hot water systems. Stratification in the storage tank is accounted for through use of a modified collector loss coefficient. The varying flow rate throughout the day and year in a thermosyphon system is accounted for through use of a fixed monthly “equivalent average” flow rate. The “equivalent average” flow rate is that which balances the thermosyphon buoyancy driving force with the frictional losses in the flow circuit on a monthly average basis. Comparison between the annual solar fraction predited by the modified design method and TRNSYS simulations for a wide range of thermosyphon systems shows an RMS error of 2.6 percent.

99mTc–Evans Blue Dye for Mapping Contiguous Lymph Node Sequences and Discriminating the Sentinel Lymph Node in an Ovine Model

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 692-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Tsopelas ◽  
Elaine Bevington ◽  
James Kollias ◽  
Sabah Shibli ◽  
Gelareh Farshid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Node ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Ovine Model ◽  
Evans Blue Dye

A preliminary investigation of the freshwater red algae in streams of southern Ontario, Canada

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1295-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Sheath ◽  
Beverly J. Hymes
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Red Algae ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Average Flow ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Conductivity Range ◽  
Freshwater Red Algae ◽  
The Relationship

Ten taxa of freshwater red algae have been observed in a survey of 62 streams and rivers within southern Ontario, Canada, over a period of 3 years. Five species are additions to the flora of Canada, Chroodactylon ramosum, Boldia erythrosiphon, Sirodotia tenuissima, Batrachospermum densum, and B. ectocarpum. In addition to these algae, Audouinella violacea, Sirodotia suecia, and Tuomeya fluviatilis are new observations within Ontario.Most of the Ontario red algae are restricted to streams or rivers with a minimum average flow rate of 10 m min−1. Audouinella violacea, B. moniliforme, and Lemanea fucina occur in a large number of streams which have a wide pH and conductivity range whereas S. tenuissima and B. ectocarpum are confined to one of the sites examined.Ultrastructural findings are reported concerning the cell organization of Boldia as well as the relationship between Batrachospermum plants and the "chantransia" stage. A key to the 10 taxa is included plus descriptions and a list of epiphytes of each alga are presented.

Effect of lung inflation on alveolar-airway barrier protein permeability in dog lung

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conhaim ◽  
M. A. Gropper ◽  
N. C. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Evans Blue ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Cuff Volume ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Evans Blue Dye ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Lung Expansion ◽  
Lung Lobes

To determine the leakiness to protein of the barrier that separates the air space and interstitial compartment of the lung, we measured perivascular interstitial fluid cuff protein concentration and volume in 10 isolated and 9 intact closed-chest dog lung lobes, which we degassed and inflated to 25, 50, 75, or 100% of capacity with 5% bovine serum albumin labeled with Evans blue dye. After 1 h we froze the lobes in liquid N2 and made color transparencies of 20 randomly selected frozen samples of each lobe. We measured Evans blue dye-albumin concentrations from absorption by cuff images of a 50-micron-diam red (lambda = 620 nm) microspot. We measured absolute cuff volume (ml/g dry lung) by point counting on the transparencies. Using specific Evans blue-albumin fluorescence we determined that the dye was protein bound in airways and cuffs. Cuff protein concentration averaged 37% of instillate concentration and did not vary with inflation volume or between isolated and intact lobes. Cuff volume was 3.4 ml/g dry lung at total lung capacity in both isolated and intact lobes. We conclude that at some point the barrier is permeable to albumin as well as liquid at all lung volumes in dogs and that the protein sieving properties of the barrier do not change with lung expansion over the range examined. The liquid storage capacity of the cuffs can increase as much as 20-fold between low and high lung volumes.

Dynamic Response of a Centrifugal Blower to Periodic Flow Fluctuations

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Abdel-Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Static Pressure ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Rotation Frequency ◽  
Periodic Flow ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Centrifugal Blower ◽  
Inertia Effects ◽  
Average Flow ◽  
Discharge Flow Rate

Experimental investigation of the dynamic response of a centrifugal blower to periodic flow rate modulations was carried out at different blower operating conditions. For modulation frequencies in the range of 0.0085–0.085 of the shaft rotation frequency, the fluctuating pressures at inlet, discharge, and across a flow orifice were simultaneously measured and analyzed in the time and frequency domains. Measurements of the amplitude and phase of the transfer function between the blower static pressure rise and the discharge flow rate fluctuations indicated that the quasi-steady approximation should be limited to frequencies lower than 0.02 of the shaft rotation frequency. For the same average flow rate, the static pressure rise progressively lagged the discharge flow rate fluctuations as the frequency was increased. The trend was similar to that of the inertia effects of a fluctuating flow in a pipe. For the same frequency these inertia effects increased as the average flow rate through the blower was decreased. Applications of the results to on-line measurements of the slope of the characteristic curve and improved dynamic modeling of centrifugal compressors and blowers are discussed.

Effects of hypoproteinemia on lung microvascular protein sieving and lung lymph flow

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1293-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Parker ◽  
N. E. Wickersham ◽  
R. J. Roselli ◽  
T. R. Harris ◽  
K. L. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Reflection Coefficients ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Total Protein Concentration ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Osmotic Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Lung Lymph ◽  
Lung Lymph Flow

Experiments were conducted on five chronically instrumented unanesthetized sheep to determine the effects of sustained hypoproteinemia on lung fluid balance. Plasma total protein concentration was decreased from a control value of 6.17 +/- 0.019 to 3.97 +/- 0.17 g/dl (mean +/- SE) by acute plasmapheresis and maintained at this level by chronic thoracic lymph duct drainage. We measured pulmonary arterial pressure, left atrial pressure, aortic pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, oncotic pressures of both plasma and lung lymph, lung lymph flow rate, and lung lymph-to-plasma ratio of total proteins and six protein fractions for both control base-line conditions and hypoproteinemia base-line conditions. Moreover, we estimated the average osmotic reflection coefficient for total proteins and the solvent drag reflection coefficients for the six protein fractions during hypoproteinemia. Hypoproteinemia caused significant decreases in lung lymph total protein concentration, lung lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration ratio, and oncotic pressures of plasma and lung lymph. There were no significant alterations in the vascular pressures, lung lymph flow rate, cardiac output, or oncotic pressure gradient. The osmotic reflection coefficient for total proteins was found to be 0.900 +/- 0.004 for hypoproteinemia conditions, which is equal to that found in a previous investigation for sheep with a normal plasma protein concentration. Our results suggest that hypoproteinemia does not alter the lung filtration coefficient nor the reflection coefficients for plasma proteins. Possible explanations for the reported increase in the lung filtration coefficient during hypoproteinemia by other investigators are also made.

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