Prevention of salt angiotensin II hypertension by servo control of body water

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (4) ◽  
pp. H994-H1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Krieger ◽  
A. W. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Servo Control ◽  
Total Body

An automated servo-control system to maintain total body weight constant was used to investigate the role of fluid volume expansion in the development of salt-dependent hypertension in dogs continuously infused with subpressor doses of angiotensin II. Dogs maintained on a fixed salt and water intake were studied in metabolic scale cages, which enabled continuous 24 h/day monitoring of changes in body weight as an index of changes in total body water. Beat-by-beat hemodynamics were determined 24 h/day. Daily fluid and electrolyte balances and hormonal profile were determined. Blood volume was periodically measured by injection of 51Cr red blood cells. After a 3-day control period, salt intake was increased from 8 to 120 meq/day. In contrast to the rise of arterial pressure that was observed in our previous nonservo-controlled volume studies, average 24-h mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance remained unchanged during a 4-day high-salt period. Total body weight was maintained within 7 +/- 17 g of the original weight. Blood volume was unchanged by day 2 as indicated by direct measurement (51Cr red blood cells) or by analysis of plasma protein concentration. There was a retention of 82 +/- 5 meq (P less than 0.05) of sodium on day 1 of high-salt period. Plasma sodium concentration increased approximately 7 meq/l (P less than 0.05) above control levels. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone decreased to undetectable values, whereas vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide increased significantly. These results confirm that elevations of blood volume and cardiac output normally observed when salt intake was increased in dogs infused with angiotensin II are secondary to water retention and that this salt-dependent model of hypertension is dependent on fluid volume expansion.

Hemodynamics and blood volume in angiotensin II salt-dependent hypertension in dogs

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (5) ◽  
pp. H1402-H1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Krieger ◽  
R. J. Roman ◽  
A. W. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Sequential Effects ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Total Body

The sequential effects of an increased daily NaCl intake on hemodynamics, fluid electrolyte balances, and hormonal responses were evaluated in dogs (n = 7) with fixed circulating levels of angiotensin II (ANG II). During the control period, ANG II was infused at 3 ng.kg-1.min-1 while dogs were maintained on an 8 meq NaCl/day diet. Water intake was fixed at 700 ml/day. Continuously recorded (24 h/day) changes of total body weight (TBW) were used as an index of total body water. Cardiac stroke volume and arterial pressure were recorded, and each beat was digitized to provide hourly and 24-h average cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total peripheral resistance (TPR). After three stable control days, daily salt intake was increased to 120 meq for 7 days. TBW increased gradually to 448 +/- 111 g (2.9%, P less than 0.05) above control by day 3. An 11% expansion of blood volume (P less than 0.05) was found (51CR-labeled red blood cells) on day 2 of high NaCl. CO rose 12% and MAP 20% (P less than 0.05) in parallel with TBW by day 4. By day 7, CO remained only 5% elevated, whereas MAP had stabilized at 20% above control levels. TPR remained significantly elevated from days 3 through 7. A positive Na balance averaging 91 +/- 8 meq (P less than 0.05) occurred on day 1. Plasma Na concentration was increased 2-3 meq/l above control throughout the period of high-salt intake. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels decreased to nearly undetectable levels, vasopressin rose slightly, and atrial natriuretic peptide levels increased significantly. Dogs maintained at 8 meq/day NaCl during the same infusion of ANG II showed no changes in MAP, CO, TPR, or TBW. In summary, the salt-induced hypertension was consistently related to small but significant fluid retention, blood volume expansion, elevations of cardiac output, and a gradual increase in TPR.

Role of blood volume expansion in Dahl rat model of hypertension

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. H508-H514 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Greene ◽  
Z. Y. Yu ◽  
R. J. Roman ◽  
A. W. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Volume Expansion ◽  
Total Body

Continuous measurement and servo control (SC) of total body weight of unrestrained rats were used to investigate the role of volume expansion in the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-resistant (SR) and Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. A change in sodium intake from 1 to 20 meq/day was associated with an increase in total body weight of 7.2% in both SS and SR rats over 96 h. Plasma sodium (pNa) increased from 145.0 to 147.4 meq/l in both SS (n = 10) and SR (n = 10) rats. Only in the SS rats was the volume expansion associated with an increase in arterial pressure of 27 +/- 3 mmHg. Prevention of the volume expansion by SC blocked the rise in arterial pressure in the SS rats (n = 10) but increased pNa from 143.5 to 152.4 meq/l. Hematocrit fell from 36.6 to 27.5% in both non-SC groups but decreased less in SC groups (35.7 to 32.0%). Plasma volume expansion from 17.6 +/- 0.6 to 25.2 +/- 0.8 ml in non-SC rats was greatly blunted by SC. In non-SC rats, SS (n = 10) and SR (n = 9) rats an increase in salt intake was associated with a rise in cardiac output from 413 +/- 6 to 507 +/- 12 ml.min-1.kg-1 in both groups. These results indicate that fluid retention is required to trigger the rise of pressure in Dahl SS rats.

Plasma and blood volumes of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1866-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Keiver ◽  
M. Chandler ◽  
R. J. Frank ◽  
K. Ronald
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Hooded Seal ◽  
Cystophora Cristata ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Blood Volumes

Plasma volumes and haematocrits were determined in six hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) and blood volumes were estimated. Expressed on a total body weight basis, plasma volume was found to range from 39 to 109 mL∙kg−1 and blood volume from 93 to 222 mL∙kg−1. Logarithms of the values for plasma and blood volume varied directly with the total body weight of the seals.

scholarly journals Body Size Indexes for Optimizing Iodine Dose for Aortic and Hepatic Enhancement at Multidetector CT: Comparison of Total Body Weight, Lean Body Weight, and Blood Volume

Radiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 254 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kondo ◽  
Masayuki Kanematsu ◽  
Satoshi Goshima ◽  
Yuhei Tomita ◽  
Myeong-Jin Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Multidetector Ct ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Iodine Dose

Anatomic distribution of induced changes in blood volume, evaluated by regional weighing

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Fell ◽  
Robert F. Rushmer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Anatomic Distribution ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Anatomic Locations ◽  
Induced Changes

Anesthetized cats were supported on electronic scales placed under the head, thorax, abdomen and hindquarters, and the changes in the weights supported by these scales were recorded while blood was withdrawn and while blood and saline were infused. The recorded changes in weight indicated that the abdomen and the thorax both contributed significantly to the volume of withdrawn blood and that infused fluids were taken up by both regions. The blood volume of neither region was conserved at the expense of the other. The average weight change of the hindquarters was 5–10% of the over-all response, but in many cases the weight of the hindquarters was stable during an experiment. The average error in measurement of changes in total body weight was 6%. Interactions between the scales were evaluated by injecting mercury into pouches placed at specific anatomic locations. Interactions did occur, but were not so great as to invalidate the method. Submitted on September 16, 1960

Estimates of total blood volume and total body weight of a sperm whale (Physeter catodon)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Sleet ◽  
J. L. Sumich ◽  
L. J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Sperm Whale ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Total Blood Volume ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Sperm Whales ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Total Body

A stranding of sperm whales (Physeter catodon) on the central Oregon coast enabled measurement of the total plasma volume of one female whale. The total blood volume was calculated to be about 20% of the total body weight based on the measured total plasma volume and hematocrit and the estimate of total body weight.

Effects of haemorrhage and volume expansion on portal–systemic collateral vascular resistance in conscious portal hypertensive rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Koshy ◽  
Tatsuya Sekiyama ◽  
Jean-Michel Cereda ◽  
Antoine Hadengue ◽  
Catherine Girod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Portal Pressure ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Regional Blood Flows

1. In order to study the acute effects of blood volume changes on the vascular resistance of portal-systemic collaterals (collateral vascular resistance), a model of total portal vein occlusion with 100% portal-systemic shunts was developed in the rat. In this model, we determined the haemodynamic effects of haemorrhage (1.8 ml/100 g body weight) or intravenous infusion of a volume expander (1.8 ml/100 g body weight). Cardiac output and regional blood flows were measured by the radioactive microsphere method. 2. Haemorrhage significantly reduced arterial pressure from 108 ± 4 to 92 ± 4 mmHg (mean ± sem), cardiac output from 56 ± 4 to 24 ± 2 ml min−1 100 g−1 body weight, portal pressure from 15.1 ± 1.5 to 10.0 ± 1.4 mmHg and portal tributary blood flow from 19.9 ± 2.3 to 8.3 ± 1.4 ml/min. Consequently, collateral vascular resistance significantly increased from 6.6 ± 0.9 × 103 to 11.1 ± 2.0 × 103 kPal−1 s. 3. Volume expansion reduced arterial pressure from 98 ± 3 to 90 ± 3 mmHg, and significantly increased cardiac output from 43 ± 3 to 55 ± 3 ml min−1 100 g−1 body weight, portal pressure from 13.9 ± 0.7 to 16.5 ± 0.8 mmHg and portal tributary blood flow from 16.4 ± 1.3 to 28.2 ± 3.2 ml/min. Consequently, collateral vascular resistance significantly decreased from 7.0 ± 0. 5 × 103 to 4.9 ± 0.4 × 103 kPa l−1 s. 4. This study shows that in rats with portal hypertension, portal-systemic collateral vascular resistance is modified by alterations in blood volume.

scholarly journals Lean body weight versus total body weight to calculate the iodinated contrast media volume in abdominal CT: a randomised controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moreno Zanardo ◽  
Fabio Martino Doniselli ◽  
Anastassia Esseridou ◽  
Massimiliano Agrò ◽  
Nicol Antonina Rita Panarisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Iodinated Contrast Media ◽  
Abdominal Ct ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Objectives Iodinated contrast media (ICM) could be more appropriately dosed on patient lean body weight (LBW) than on total body weight (TBW). Methods After Ethics Committee approval, trial registration NCT03384979, patients aged ≥ 18 years scheduled for multiphasic abdominal CT were randomised for ICM dose to LBW group (0.63 gI/kg of LBW) or TBW group (0.44 gI/kg of TBW). Abdominal 64-row CT was performed using 120 kVp, 100–200 mAs, rotation time 0.5 s, pitch 1, Iopamidol (370 mgI/mL), and flow rate 3 mL/s. Levene, Mann–Whitney U, and χ2 tests were used. The primary endpoint was liver contrast enhancement (LCE). Results Of 335 enrolled patients, 17 were screening failures; 44 dropped out after randomisation; 274 patients were analysed (133 LBW group, 141 TBW group). The median age of LBW group (66 years) was slightly lower than that of TBW group (70 years). Although the median ICM-injected volume was comparable between groups, its variability was larger in the former (interquartile range 27 mL versus 21 mL, p = 0.01). The same was for unenhanced liver density (IQR 10 versus 7 HU) (p = 0.02). Median LCE was 40 (35–46) HU in the LBW group and 40 (35–44) HU in the TBW group, without significant difference for median (p = 0.41) and variability (p = 0.23). Suboptimal LCE (< 40 HU) was found in 64/133 (48%) patients in the LBW group and 69/141 (49%) in the TBW group, but no examination needed repeating. Conclusions The calculation of the ICM volume to be administered for abdominal CT based on the LBW does not imply a more consistent LCE.

Increases in adipose and total body weight, but not in lean body mass, associated with subcutaneous administration of Sonic hedgehog-Ig fusion protein to mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline L. Martin ◽  
Joan Lane ◽  
Louise Pouliot ◽  
Malcolm Gains ◽  
Rudolph Stejskal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Total Body

Effects of the teratogenic folic acid antagonist, 9-methyl pteroylglutamic acid, on hydroxyproline levels in fetal rat limbs

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-294
Author(s):  
R. R. Schmidt ◽  
K. P. Chepenik ◽  
B. V. Paynton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Skeletal Malformations ◽  
Fetal Rat ◽  
Pteroylglutamic Acid ◽  
Limb Malformations ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation

Pregnant rats were subjected to either a folic-acid-deficient regimen that produces multiple congenital skeletal malformations, or a control folic-acid-supplemented regimen. Fetal limbs were extirpated on days 16 and 18 of gestation, pooled from each litter, homogenized, and aliquots set aside for hydroxyproline, protein and DNA determinations. We found that (1) the amount of protein recovered per treated limb was approximately half that of controls on both days, (2) the amount of protein recovered per treated or controlday-18 limb was twice that of a day-16 limb, (3) treated limbs constituted the same percentage of total body weight as in controls on day 16, but a smaller percentage than in controls on day 18, and (4) the concentration of hydroxyproline (μg/mg protein) was significantly less for treated limbs than for controls on day 18 of gestation. We noted also that: (1) lowest hydroxyproline concentrations were found in limbs from treated fetuses with gross limb malformations, (2) intermediate concentrations were found in limbs of treated fetuses not exhibiting gross limb malformations, and (3) highest concentrations were found in control limbs. We suggest that the treatment resulted in (1) a decreased rate of accumulation of protein in limbs prior to day 16, but not from day 16 to day 18, (2) a decreased rate of accumulation of some non-protein component(s) in treated limbs from day 16 to day 18, and (3) an altered collagen metabolism.

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