Carbohydrate Metabolism in Fed and Fasted Rats Exposed to an Altitude of 12,470 Feet

1958 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola S. Timiras ◽  
Robert Hill ◽  
Alvin A. Krum ◽  
Adam W. Lis
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Filial Generation ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fasted Rats

Blood sugar levels and the glycogen content of liver, heart, skeletal muscle, diaphragm and kidney of both fed and fasted sea level control rats were compared with those of fed and fasted rats (P) born at sea level and then exposed to an altitude of 12,470 feet for various periods of time, and with those of fed rats (F2) of the second filial generation born and maintained at altitude. In the P animals after short-term (24 and 72 hr.) exposure, liver, heart, muscle and diaphragm glycogen was markedly decreased in the fed animals as compared with the fed sea level controls, and markedly increased in the fasted hypoxic animals as compared with the fasted sea level controls. In fed P animals after long-term exposure, liver, heart, muscle and diaphragm glycogen was the same as in fed controls after 2 and 6 months at altitude, and became markedly lower than in the controls after 10 months. In the F2 rats, liver and muscle glycogen was markedly decreased when compared with the controls; in contrast, cardiac glycogen content was significantly higher in these F2 rats than in the controls. Changes were not observed in kidney glycogen. Hyperglycemia was observed in all P rats after 24 hours, and hypoglycemia after 72 hours at altitude. In the long-term experiments glycemia was the same in experimental (P and F2) and control rats.

scholarly journals EcoRacer: Game-Based Optimal Electric Vehicle Design and Driver Control Using Human Players

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Ren ◽  
Alparslan Emrah Bayrak ◽  
Panos Y. Papalambros
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Efficient Global Optimization ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Algorithm Efficiency ◽  
Np Complete ◽  
And Control

We compare the performance of human players against that of the efficient global optimization (EGO) algorithm for an NP-complete powertrain design and control problem. Specifically, we cast this optimization problem as an online competition and received 2391 game plays by 124 anonymous players during the first month from launch. We found that while only a small portion of human players can outperform the algorithm in the long term, players tend to formulate good heuristics early on that can be used to constrain the solution space. Such constraining of the search enhances algorithm efficiency, even for different game settings. These findings indicate that human-assisted computational searches are promising in solving comprehensible yet computationally hard optimal design and control problems, when human players can outperform the algorithm in a short term.

scholarly journals Illegal markets, human trade and transnational organised crime

Temida ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Nikolic-Ristanovic
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Illegal Markets ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Human Trade ◽  
And Control

In this paper the author explores, focusing largely on the example of the Balkans, the connection between the expansion of neoliberal market economy and war, and related to it the growth of illegal markets and the shadow economy, on one hand, and the victimisation by human trafficking, on the other. By locating human trade within expanding local and global illegal markets, the author is arguing that, without taking into consideration wider social contexts, which create structural incentives for illegal markets and transnational organised crime, we can hardly understand the causes, let alone build effective strategies to combat and prevent it. Consequently, on the basis of the analyses of human trade as a form of both transnational organised crime and illegal markets, some strategies (short-term and long-term) for the prevention and control of human trafficking on both the micro and macro level are suggested.

Control Strategy of Soluble Boron-Free Operation for a Small PWR

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangwen Bi ◽  
Chuntao Tang ◽  
Bo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Rod ◽  
Burnable Poison ◽  
Power Operation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Power Distribution Control ◽  
Selection Of

Elimination of soluble boron will be a challenge to reactor operation for PWR. This paper is to promote a control strategy of soluble boron-free operation for a small PWR, through selection of burnable poison (BP), BP loading and control rod loading, based on the reactivity balance and manage requirement. The analysis for on-power operation and shutdown condition indicated that this strategy could be suitable for long-term and short-term reactivity and power distribution control for soluble boron-free operation.

The Need for Strategic Planning for Nuclear Power Plant I&C Upgrades

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Douglas Hill ◽  
Paul Moore
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nuclear Plants ◽  
And Control ◽  
Plant Control

Nuclear power plants rely on Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems for control, monitoring and protection of the plant. The original, analog designs used in most nuclear plants have become or soon will be obsolete, forcing plants to turn to digital technology. Many factors affect the design of replacement equipment, including long-term and short-term economics, regulatory issues, and the way the plant operates on a day-to-day basis. The first step to all modernization projects should involve strategic planning, to ensure that the overall long and short-term goals of the plant are met. Strategic planning starts with a thorough evaluation of the existing plant control systems, the available options, and the benefits and consequences of these options.

scholarly journals An introduction to causes and consequences of Cretaceous sea-level changes (IGCP 609)

2019 ◽  
Vol 498 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wagreich ◽  
Benjamin Sames ◽  
Malcolm Hart ◽  
Ismail O. Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sea Level Fluctuations ◽  
Groundwater Aquifer ◽  
Sea Level Oscillations ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Geological Timescale ◽  
Land Water

AbstractThe International Geoscience Programme Project IGCP 609 addressed correlation, causes and consequences of short-term sea-level fluctuations during the Cretaceous. Processes causing several ka to several Ma (third- to fourth-order) sea-level oscillations during the Cretaceous are so far poorly understood. IGCP 609 proved the existence of sea-level cycles during potential ice sheet-free greenhouse to hothouse climate phases. These sea-level fluctuations were most probably controlled by aquifer-eustasy that is altering land-water storage owing to groundwater aquifer charge and discharge. The project investigated Cretaceous sea-level cycles in detail in order to differentiate and quantify both short- and long-term records based on orbital cyclicity. High-resolution sea-level records were correlated to the geological timescale resulting in a hierarchy of sea-level cycles in the longer Milankovitch band, especially in the 100 ka, 405 ka, 1.2 Ma and 2.4 Ma range. The relation of sea-level highs and lows to palaeoclimate events, palaeoenvironments and biota was also investigated using multiproxy studies. For a hothouse Earth such as the mid-Cretaceous, humid–arid climate cycles controlling groundwater-related sea-level change were evidenced by stable isotope data, correlation to continental lake-level records and humid–arid weathering cycles.

The effect of adrenal demedullation on the blood sugar level of rats subjected to long-term cold stress

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M. Jarratt ◽  
N. W. Nowell
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats ◽  
Intact Rats

Blood sugar levels and adrenal weights (where possible) were recorded, after a 24-h fast, in normal intact, adrenal-demedullated, and adrenalectomized rats kept at 4 °C for up to 130 days. These were compared with data from control rats kept at 21 °C. Hypoglycemia (relative to the control value) prevailed in both normal intact and, more profoundly, in adrenal-demedullated rats during the first 24 h of chilling but no deaths occurred. Adrenalectomized rats, whose blood sugar level at 21 °C was subnormal, at 4 °C soon showed extreme hypoglycemia and died. More prolonged chilling in normal intact rats resulted in hyperglycemia which lasted until after the 25th day. In contrast, in chilled adrenal-demedullated animals the blood sugar remained at the control level throughout this period. At the 50th day the blood sugar of normal intact animals fell to the control value and remained so thereafter. A similar fall in adrenal-demedullated rats resulted in hypoglycemia, but a rise to control values was recorded from the 75th day. Adrenocortical hypertrophy was generally more extensive in the demedullated animals than in the normal intact animals but was absent in both groups by the 130th day. We conclude that the adrenal medulla, besides helping to provide extra blood glucose during exposure to short-term chilling, is also responsible for the sustained hyperglycemia of rats chilled for prolonged periods and thus assists in their acclimation to long-term cold stress.

The Shift towards Smart, Green and Integrated Raw Materials Efficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 718 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Eva Oravcová ◽  
Miroslav Zelko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Supervision System ◽  
Requirements Development ◽  
And Control ◽  
Term Data

Comprehensive environmental observation, eco-innovation and smartization are essential to ensure the delivery of the long-term data and information required to address the shift towards smart, green and integrated raw materials efficiency. For this reason we need the mine-wide digitalization and informatization base model, an advanced mine-wide decision support system and a smart supervision system to supervise and control the production, back to predefined short-term production targets with most likelihood and optimal approaches. There are three main steps to be taken: analysis, evaluation and determination of the shift requirements, development of the models as well as modeling of the scenarios and connection to the smart platform for the support of the decision makers. The paper aims to consider what would be required for a raw materials area to operate as a modern smart technology-supported business. It attempts to provide a vision of some future smart architectures scenarios.

The Development of a Generic Qualified Digital Platform

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor S. S. Shyu ◽  
Ming-Huei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Digital Platform ◽  
And Control ◽  
Nuclear Instrumentation

The nuclear industry and research institutes in Taiwan are conducting a joint effort project to establish a self-reliant nuclear Instrumentation and Control (I&C) system design and fabrication capabilities in Taiwan. The purposes of this project, as called Taiwan’s Nuclear I&C System (TaiNICS), are planned to support digital upgrade of the existing nuclear power plants and the new nuclear installations in Taiwan. The project will be a long term pursuit of several task branches, including establishment of a generic qualified digital platform, qualification and certification processes, nuclear I&C systems design, safety analyses for software common cause failure, licensing, and collaboration. The short term goal of this project is to submit the License Topical Report (LTR) of a generic digital platform for the review of Taiwan’s regulatory body in 2013.

scholarly journals Short-Term Sea Level Changes of the Upper Cretaceous Carbonates: Calibration between Palynomorphs Composition, Inorganic Geochemistry, and Stable Isotopes

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mansour ◽  
Thomas Gentzis ◽  
Michael Wagreich ◽  
Sameh S. Tahoun ◽  
Ashraf M.T. Elewa
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sea Level Oscillations ◽  
Rising Sea Level ◽  
Southern Tethys

Widespread deposition of pelagic-hemipelagic sediments provide an archive for the Late Cretaceous greenhouse that triggered sea level oscillations. Global distribution of dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) exhibited a comparable pattern to the eustatic sea level, and thus, considered reliable indicators for sea level and sequence stratigraphic reconstructions. Highly diverse assemblage of marine palynomorphs along with elemental proxies that relate to carbonates and siliciclastics and bulk carbonate δ13C and δ18O from the Upper Cretaceous Abu Roash A Member were used to reconstruct short-term sea level oscillations in the Abu Gharadig Basin, southern Tethys. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between various palynological, elemental, and isotope geochemistry parameters and their response to sea level changes and examined the link between these sea level changes and Late Cretaceous climate. This multiproxy approach revealed that a long-term sea-level rise, interrupted by minor short-term fall, was prevalent during the Coniacian-earliest Campanian in the southern Tethys, which allowed to divide the studied succession into four complete and two incomplete 3rd order transgressive-regressive sequences. Carbon and oxygen isotopes of bulk hemipelagic carbonates were calibrated with gonyaulacoids and freshwater algae (FWA)-pteridophyte spores and results showed that positive δ13Ccarb trends were consistent, in part, with excess gonyaulacoid dinocysts and reduced FWA-spores, reinforcing a rising sea level and vice versa. A reverse pattern was shown between the δ18Ocarb and gonyaulacoid dinocysts, where negative δ18Ocarb trends were slightly consistent with enhanced gonyaulacoid content, indicating a rising sea level and vice versa. However, stable isotope trends were not in agreement with palynological calibrations at some intervals. Therefore, the isotope records can be used as reliable indicators for reconstructing changes in long-term sea level rather than short-term oscillations.

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