Pentobarbital sodium anesthesia in the dog

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Pentobarbital Sodium ◽  
Circulatory Effects ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pentobarbital Sodium Anesthesia ◽  
Oxygen Difference

Studies have been done in the dog to determine some of the circulatory effects of anesthetic amounts of pentobarbital sodium. The results indicate that a) except for the initial transient hypotension that occurs on injection of the anesthetic, pentobarbital sodium has little influence on the mean arterial blood pressure of the normotensive dog; b) cardiac output is unchanged 1 hr following anesthesia, then decreases approximately 25% and remains at this level from the 2nd to at least the 4th hr of anesthesia; c) estimated hepatic blood flow is not modified by pentobarbital sodium but the splanchnic A-V oxygen difference decreases; d) pentobarbital sodium does not modify arterial oxygen saturation, plasma volume, or red cell mass; e) the apparent hemodilution of the pentobarbitalized dog appears to result from the splenic sequestration of erythrocytes; f) the leukopenia which occurs in the dog under pentobarbital sodium also occurs in the splenectomized dog and appears to result, at least in part, from the pooling of leukocytes in the pulmonary bed; and g) the splenic blood of the normal unanesthetized dog does not appear to have a cell-to-plasma ratio different from that of the peripheral blood.

scholarly journals Study of Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry and Arterial Blood Gas in ICU Patients: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (230) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabin Rauniyar ◽  
Shyam Pujari ◽  
Pradeep Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Pulse oximetery is expected to be an indirect estimation of arterial oxygen saturation. However, there often are gaps between SpO2 and SaO2. This study aims to study on arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas among patients admitted in intensive care unit. Methods: It was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study in which 101 patients meeting inclusion criteria were studied. SpO2 and SaO2 were measured simultaneously. Mean±SD of SpO2 and SaO2 with accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were measured. Results: According to SpO2 values, out of 101 patients, 26 (25.7%) were hypoxemic and 75 (74.25%) were non–hypoxemic. The mean±SD of SaO2 and SpO2 were 93.22±7.84% and 92.85±6.33% respectively. In 21 patients with SpO2<90%, the mean±SD SaO2 and SpO2 were 91.63±4.92 and 87.42±2.29 respectively. In 5 patients with SpO2 < 80%, the mean ± SD of SaO2 and SpO2 were: 63.40±3.43 and 71.80±4.28, respectively. In non–hypoxemic group based on SpO2 values, the mean±SD of SpO2 and SaO2 were 95.773±2.19% and 95.654±3.01%, respectively. The agreement rate of SpO2 and SaO2 was 83.2%, and sensitivity and specificity of PO were 84.6% and 83%, respectively. Conclusions: Pulse Oximetry has high accuracy in estimating oxygen saturation with sp02>90% and can be used instead of arterial blood gas.

Effect of Perioperative Lignocaine Infusion on Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1814-1816
Author(s):  
Saadia Khaleeq ◽  
Kiran Riaz Khan ◽  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Abaid-Ur- Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Usman Jahangir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Pain Score ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lidocaine Group ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean

Background: Pain is a common complaint of patients after surgery. Different techniques or medications including local anesthetics infiltration, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids have been used for postoperative analgesia. Lidocaine is an amide local anesthetic agent that works by influencing the complex phenomenon of pain. Aim: To compare the mean pain score with intraoperative lidocaine versus control in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. Methods: 350 patients aged 20-60 years of either sex scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included in the study. Patients with allergy to lidocaine; patients with neuromuscular disease, endocrine or metabolic disorder and pregnant patients were excluded from study. Patients were randomly divided in two groups by using lottery method after taking informed consent. On arrival to the operating room, monitor was attached to display continuous ECG, mean arterial blood pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation. Results: In lidocaine group, the mean age of patients was 39.93±11.56years. In control group, the mean age of patients was 37.93±11.83years. In lidocaine group, there were 91 (52%) males and 84 (48%) females. In control group, there were 77 (44%) males and 98 (56%) females. In lidocaine group, the mean BMI of patients was 26.66±4.81kg/m2. In control group, the mean BMI of patients was 26.77±4.76kg/m2. In lidocaine group, the mean pain score of patients was 1.00±0.84. In control group, the mean pain score of patients was 2.39±1.10. The difference was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Thus lidocaine is found to be more effective in reducing postoperative pain than control. Keywords: General anesthesia, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, lidocaine, postoperative pain.

Polycythaemia in a Selected Group of Patients with Chronic Airways Obstruction

1973 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. W. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Volume ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Airways Obstruction ◽  
Red Cell Mass

1. The relationship between hypoxaemia, as measured by arterial blood oxygen saturation, and red cell volume is reported in nineteen patients with chronic airways obstruction and raised peripheral venous haematocrit. 2. These patients showed an increase in red cell mass response to lowered oxygen saturations when compared with normal subjects living at high altitudes. 3. Comparison with previous studies suggests that such a significant linear relationship between arterial oxygen saturation and red cell mass only occurs in those patients suffering from chronic lung disease in whom the peripheral venous haematocrit is raised. 4. As arterial oxygen saturation is only one of six factors determining tissue oxygenation, the isolated relationship between red cell volume and oxygen saturation is likely to be an oversimplification.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effect of Intranasal Lidocaine in the Treatment of Spasticity in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anoush Dehnadi Moghadam ◽  
Hamed Hasanzadeh ◽  
Fatemeh Dehnadi Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
P Value ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gcs Score ◽  
Ashworth Scale

Background: Spasticity following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most significant barriers of returning patients to their normal life. Spasticity caused by TBI does not have a specific or definitive treatment, and the clinical effect of pharmacologic treatments has not been significant. Methods: In this single-arm study, we evaluated 15 patients. For each patient with spasticity, treatment with oral baclofen 25 mg was started three times a day as a part of standard therapy. After 48 hours, if the spasticity did not decrease by at least one score in the Modified Tardieu or Ashworth scales, lidocaine 0.5% was administered as a continuous intranasal infusion. The initial dose of lidocaine was 1 mg/min, which was gradually increased to 2 mg/min. Spasticity and the frequency of spasms were assessed by Ashworth and modified tardieu scales (MTS) and Spasm Frequency Score (SFS), respectively. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and arterial oxygen saturation (SPo2) of patients were recorded during nine days of treatment. All data were analyzed by SPSS version 21. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 15 participants in this study, 13 (86.7%) were male, and 2 (13.3%) were female (mean age: 29.26 ± 12.5 years). There were no significant differences in Ashworth Scale, Modified Tradieu Scale, RASS Score, GCS Score, MAP, SPo2 percentage, HR, RR, and the number of spasms per day between the time of initiation of treatment and the second day of baclofen treatment (P > 0.05). Evaluation of spasticity using Ashworth scale on the first and last days of lidocaine treatment showed a significant decrease in the mean spasticity (3.46 ± 0.51 and 1.46 ± 0.91, respectively; P < 0.001). Spasticity assessment using the MTS showed a significant reduction in the mean of the last day of treatment compared to the mean of the first day of treatment (3.6 ± 0.5 and 1.26 ± 0.51, respectively; P < 0.001). This decrease was also seen in the mean of the last day of treatment compared to the first day in SFS (13.3 ± 3.88 and 3.8 ± 0.51, respectively; P < 0.001). Comparison of HR, RR, MAP, RASS, GCS, and SPo2 on the first and last days of treatment did not show any statistical differences. Conclusions: Although continuous intranasal treatment with lidocaine can be effective in spasm reduction of patients with TBI, further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are required.

Psychophysiological Responses of Pilots in Hypoxia Training at 7000 and 7500 m

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 785-789
Author(s):  
Dongqing Wen ◽  
Lei Tu ◽  
Guiyou Wang ◽  
Zhao Gu ◽  
Weiru Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Psychophysiological Responses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Training Protocol

INTRODUCTION: We compared the physiological responses, psychomotor performances, and hypoxia symptoms between 7000 m and 7500 m (23,000 and 24,600 ft) exposure to develop a safer hypoxia training protocol.METHODS: In altitude chamber, 66 male pilots were exposed to 7000 and 7500 m. Heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation were continuously monitored. Psychomotor performance was assessed using the computational task. The hypoxic symptoms were investigated by a questionnaire.RESULTS: The mean duration time of hypoxia was 323.0 56.5 s at 7000 m and 218.2 63.3 s at 7500 m. The 6-min hypoxia training was completed by 57.6% of the pilots and 6.1% of the pilots at 7000 m and at 7500 m, respectively. There were no significant differences in pilots heart rates and psychomotor performance between the two exposures. The Spo2 response at 7500 m was slightly severer than that at 7000 m. During the 7000 m exposure, pilots experienced almost the same symptoms and similar frequency order as those during the 7500 m exposure.CONCLUSIONS: There were concordant symptoms, psychomotor performance, and very similar physiological responses between 7000 m and 7500 m during hypoxia training. The results indicated that 7000-m hypoxia awareness training might be an alternative to 7500-m hypoxia training with lower DCS risk and longer experience time.Wen D, Tu L, Wang G, Gu Z, Shi W, Liu X. Psychophysiological responses of pilots in hypoxia training at 7000 and 7500 m. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(10):785789.

Outcomes of the Extracardiac Fontan Procedure Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Early Results

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Ugurlucan ◽  
Eylem Yayla Tuncer ◽  
Fusun Guzelmeric ◽  
Eylul Kafali ◽  
Omer Ali Sayin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Fontan Procedure ◽  
Fontan Operation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Shunt Operation ◽  
Early Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Extracardiac Fontan

<p><strong>Background</strong>: Although the avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass during the Fontan procedure has potential advantages, using cardiopulmonary bypass during this procedure has no adverse effects in terms of morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we assessed the postoperative outcomes of our first 9 patients who have undergone extracardiac Fontan operation by the same surgeon using cardiopulmonary bypass.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Between September 2011 and April 2013,  9 consecutive patients (3 males and 6 females) underwent extra-cardiac Fontan operation. All operations were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass at normothermia by the same surgeon.  The age of patients ranged between 4 and 17 (9.8 ± 4.2) years. Previous operations performed on these patients were modified Blalock-Taussig shunt procedure in 2 patients, bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt operation in 6 patients, and pulmonary arterial banding in 1 patient. Except 2 patients who required intracardiac intervention, cross-clamping was not applied. In all patients, the extracardiac Fontan procedure was carried out by interposing an appropriately sized tube graft between the infe-rior vena cava and right pulmonary artery.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The mean intraoperative Fontan pressure and transpulmonary gradient were 12.3 ± 2.5 and 6.9 ± 2.2 mm Hg, respectively. Intraoperative fenestration was not required. There was no mortality and 7 patients were discharged with-out complications. Complications included persistent pleural effusion in 1 patient and a transient neurological event in 1 patient. All patients were weaned off mechanical ventila-tion within 24 hours. The mean arterial oxygen saturation increased from 76.1% ± 5.3% to 93.5% ± 2.2%. All patients were in sinus rhythm postoperatively. Five patients required blood and blood-product transfusions. The mean intensive care unit and hospital stay periods were 2.9 ± 1.7 and 8.2 ±  1.9 days, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The extracardiac Fontan operation per-formed using cardiopulmonary bypass provides satisfactory results in short-term follow-up and is associated with favor-able postoperative hemodynamics and morbidity rates.</p>

scholarly journals Massive haemorrhagic complications of ruptured pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: outcomes from a 12 years’ retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Ma ◽  
Bing Jie ◽  
Dong Yu ◽  
Ling-Ling Li ◽  
Sen Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia ◽  
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Peripheral Lung ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background The life-threatening haemorrhagic complications of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are extremely rare, and only described in isolated cases. This study was designed to comprehensively investigate management of ruptured PAVMs. Methods We retrospectively assessed clinical and imaging data of ruptured PAVMs to summarize incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes following embolisation between January 2008 and January 2021. Results Eighteen of 406 (4.4%) patients with PAVMs developed haemorrhagic complications. Twelve of 18 patients were clinically diagnosed with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Haemorrhagic complications occurred with no clear trigger in all cases. Eight of 18 patients (44.4%) were initially misdiagnosed or had undergone early ineffective treatment. 28 lesions were detected, with 89.3% of them located in peripheral lung. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed indirect signs to indicate ruptured PAVMs in all cases. Lower haemoglobin concentrations were associated with the diameter of afferent arteries in the ruptured lesions. Successful embolotherapy was achieved in all cases. After embolotherapy, arterial oxygen saturation improved and bleeding was controlled (P < 0.05). The mean follow-up time was 3.2 ± 2.5 years (range, 7 months to 10 years). Conclusions Life threatening haemorrhagic complications of PAVMs are rare, they usually occur without a trigger and can be easily misdiagnosed. HHT and larger size of afferent arteries are major risk factors of these complications. CTA is a useful tool for diagnosis and therapeutic guidance for ruptured PAVMs. Embolotherapy is an effective therapy for this life-threatening complication.

scholarly journals Accuracy of two pulse-oximetry measurements for INTELLiVENT-ASV in mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinshu Katayama ◽  
Jun Shima ◽  
Ken Tonai ◽  
Kansuke Koyama ◽  
Shin Nunomiya
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated Patients ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Ventilated Patients

AbstractRecently, maintaining a certain oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) range in mechanically ventilated patients was recommended; attaching the INTELLiVENT-ASV to ventilators might be beneficial. We evaluated the SpO2 measurement accuracy of a Nihon Kohden and a Masimo monitor compared to actual arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). SpO2 was simultaneously measured by a Nihon Kohden and Masimo monitor in patients consecutively admitted to a general intensive care unit and mechanically ventilated. Bland–Altman plots were used to compare measured SpO2 with actual SaO2. One hundred mechanically ventilated patients and 1497 arterial blood gas results were reviewed. Mean SaO2 values, Nihon Kohden SpO2 measurements, and Masimo SpO2 measurements were 95.7%, 96.4%, and 96.9%, respectively. The Nihon Kohden SpO2 measurements were less biased than Masimo measurements; their precision was not significantly different. Nihon Kohden and Masimo SpO2 measurements were not significantly different in the “SaO2 < 94%” group (P = 0.083). In the “94% ≤ SaO2 < 98%” and “SaO2 ≥ 98%” groups, there were significant differences between the Nihon Kohden and Masimo SpO2 measurements (P < 0.0001; P = 0.006; respectively). Therefore, when using automatically controlling oxygenation with INTELLiVENT-ASV in mechanically ventilated patients, the Nihon Kohden SpO2 sensor is preferable.Trial registration UMIN000027671. Registered 7 June 2017.

scholarly journals BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SHOCK

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Engel ◽  
Helen C. Harrison ◽  
C. N. H. Long
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Hepatic Artery ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Arterial Blood

1. In a series of rats subjected to hemorrhage and shock a high negative correlation was found between the portal and peripheral venous oxygen saturations and the arterial blood pressure on the one hand, and the blood amino nitrogen levels on the other, and a high positive correlation between the portal and the peripheral oxygen saturations and between each of these and the blood pressure. 2. In five cats subjected to hemorrhage and shock the rise in plasma amino nitrogen and the fall in peripheral and portal venous oxygen saturations were confirmed. Further it was shown that the hepatic vein oxygen saturation falls early in shock while the arterial oxygen saturation showed no alteration except terminally, when it may fall also. 3. Ligation of the hepatic artery in rats did not affect the liver's ability to deaminate amino acids. Hemorrhage in a series of hepatic artery ligated rats did not produce any greater rise in the blood amino nitrogen than a similar hemorrhage in normal rats. The hepatic artery probably cannot compensate to any degree for the decrease in portal blood flow in shock. 4. An operation was devised whereby the viscera and portal circulation of the rat were eliminated and the liver maintained only on its arterial circulation. The ability of such a liver to metabolize amino acids was found to be less than either the normal or the hepatic artery ligated liver and to have very little reserve. 5. On complete occlusion of the circulation to the rat liver this organ was found to resist anoxia up to 45 minutes. With further anoxia irreversible damage to this organ's ability to handle amino acids occurred. 6. It is concluded that the blood amino nitrogen rise during shock results from an increased breakdown of protein in the peripheral tissues, the products of which accumulate either because they do not circulate through the liver at a sufficiently rapid rate or because with continued anoxia intrinsic damage may occur to the hepatic parenchyma so that it cannot dispose of amino acids.

Pulse Oximetry: An Alternative Method for the Assessment of Oxygenation in Newborn Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-528
Author(s):  
Michael S. Jennis ◽  
Joyce L. Peabody
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Oximetry ◽  
Pulse Oximeter ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Fetal Hemoglobin ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Skin Injury ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Arterial Blood

Continuous monitoring of oxygenation in sick newborns is vitally important. However, transcutaneous Po2 measurements have a number of limiations. Therefore, we report the use of the pulse oximeter for arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) determination in 26 infants (birth weights 725 to 4,000 g, gestational ages 24 to 40 weeks, and postnatal ages one to 49 days). Fetal hemoglobin determinations were made on all infants and were repeated following transfusion. Sao2, readings from the pulse oximeter were compared with the Sao2 measured in vitro on simultaneously obtained arterial blood samples. The linear regression equation for 177 paired measurements was: y = 0.7x + 27.2; r = .9. However, the differences between measured Sao2 and the pulse oximeter Sao2 were significantly greater in samples with &gt; 50% fetal hemoglobin when compared with samples with &lt; 25% fetal hemoglobin (P &lt; .001). The pulse oximeter was easy to use, recorded trends in oxygenation instantaneously, and was not associated with skin injury. We conclude that pulse oximetry is a reliable technique for the continuous, noninvasive monitoring of oxygenation in newborn infants.

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