scholarly journals Integrative responses of neurons in nucleus tractus solitarius to visceral afferent stimulation and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (5) ◽  
pp. R1380-R1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichiro Sugiyama ◽  
Takeshi Suzuki ◽  
Vincent J. DeStefino ◽  
Bill J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Triggering Mechanisms

Anatomical studies have demonstrated that the vestibular nuclei project to nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), but little is known about the effects of vestibular inputs on NTS neuronal activity. Furthermore, lesions of NTS abolish vomiting elicited by a variety of different triggering mechanisms, including vestibular stimulation, suggesting that emetic inputs may converge on the same NTS neurons. As such, an emetic stimulus that activates gastrointestinal (GI) receptors could alter the responses of NTS neurons to vestibular inputs. In the present study, we examined in decerebrate cats the responses of NTS neurons to rotations of the body in vertical planes before and after the intragastric administration of the emetic compound copper sulfate. The activity of more than one-third of NTS neurons was modulated by vertical vestibular stimulation, with most of the responsive cells having their firing rate altered by rotations in the head-up or head-down directions. These responses were aligned with head position in space, as opposed to the velocity of head movements. The activity of NTS neurons with baroreceptor, pulmonary, and GI inputs could be modulated by vertical plane rotations. However, injection of copper sulfate into the stomach did not alter the responses to vestibular stimulation of NTS neurons that received GI inputs, suggesting that the stimuli did not have additive effects. These findings show that the detection and processing of visceral inputs by NTS neurons can be altered in accordance with the direction of ongoing movements.

scholarly journals Responses of neurons in the caudal medullary lateral tegmental field to visceral inputs and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (9) ◽  
pp. R929-R940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Moy ◽  
Daniel J. Miller ◽  
Michael F. Catanzaro ◽  
Bret M. Boyle ◽  
Sarah W. Ogburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Mechanical Stretch ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Otolith Organs ◽  
Important Region ◽  
Caudal Medulla ◽  
Spontaneous Firing Rate

The dorsolateral reticular formation of the caudal medulla, or the lateral tegmental field (LTF), has been classified as the brain's “vomiting center”, as well as an important region in regulating sympathetic outflow. We examined the responses of LTF neurons in cats to rotations of the body that activate vestibular receptors, as well as to stimulation of baroreceptors (through mechanical stretch of the carotid sinus) and gastrointestinal receptors (through the intragastric administration of the emetic compound copper sulfate). Approximately half of the LTF neurons exhibited graviceptive responses to vestibular stimulation, similar to primary afferents innervating otolith organs. The other half of the neurons had complex responses, including spatiotemporal convergence behavior, suggesting that they received convergent inputs from a variety of vestibular receptors. Neurons that received gastrointestinal and baroreceptor inputs had similar complex responses to vestibular stimulation; such responses are expected for neurons that contribute to the generation of motion sickness. LTF units with convergent baroreceptor and vestibular inputs may participate in producing the cardiovascular system components of motion sickness, such as the changes in skin blood flow that result in pallor. The administration of copper sulfate often modulated the gain of responses of LTF neurons to vestibular stimulation, particularly for units whose spontaneous firing rate was altered by infusion of drug (median of 459%). The present results raise the prospect that emetic signals from the gastrointestinal tract modify the processing of vestibular inputs by LTF neurons, thereby affecting the probability that vomiting will occur as a consequence of motion sickness.

Response of Vestibular-Nerve Afferents to Active and Passive Rotations Under Normal Conditions and After Unilateral Labyrinthectomy

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 1503-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soroush G. Sadeghi ◽  
Lloyd B. Minor ◽  
Kathleen E. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Vestibular Nerve ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Unilateral Labyrinthectomy ◽  
Vestibular Nerve Afferents ◽  
Head Rotations

We investigated the possible contribution of signals carried by vestibular-nerve afferents to long-term processes of vestibular compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy. Semicircular canal afferents were recorded from the contralesional nerve in three macaque monkeys before [horizontal (HC) = 67, anterior (AC) = 66, posterior (PC) = 50] and 1–12 mo after (HC = 192, AC = 86, PC = 57) lesion. Vestibular responses were evaluated using passive sinusoidal rotations with frequencies of 0.5–15 Hz (20–80°/s) and fast whole-body rotations reaching velocities of 500°/s. Sensitivities to nonvestibular inputs were tested by: 1) comparing responses during active and passive head movements, 2) rotating the body with the head held stationary to activate neck proprioceptors, and 3) encouraging head-restrained animals to attempt to make head movements that resulted in the production of neck torques of ≤2 Nm. Mean resting discharge rate before and after the lesion did not differ for the regular, D (dimorphic)-irregular, or C (calyx)-irregular afferents. In response to passive rotations, afferents showed no change in sensitivity and phase, inhibitory cutoff, and excitatory saturation after unilateral labyrinthectomy. Moreover, head sensitivities were similar during voluntary and passive head rotations and responses were not altered by neck proprioceptive or efference copy signals before or after the lesion. The only significant change was an increase in the proportion of C-irregular units postlesion, accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of regular afferents. Taken together, our findings show that changes in response properties of the vestibular afferent population are not likely to play a major role in the long-term changes associated with compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy.

scholarly journals Integrative responses of neurons in parabrachial nuclei to a nauseogenic gastrointestinal stimulus and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (8) ◽  
pp. R965-R975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Suzuki ◽  
Yoichiro Sugiyama ◽  
Bill J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Afferent Inputs ◽  
Parabrachial Nuclei ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Median Change

The parabrachial and adjacent Kölliker-Fuse (PBN/KF) nuclei play a key role in relaying visceral afferent inputs to the hypothalamus and limbic system and are, thus, believed to participate in generating nausea and affective responses elicited by gastrointestinal (GI) signals. In addition, the PBN/KF region receives inputs from the vestibular system and likely mediates the malaise associated with motion sickness. However, previous studies have not considered whether GI and vestibular inputs converge on the same PBN/KF neurons, and if so, whether the GI signals alter the responses of the cells to body motion. The present study, conducted in decerebrate cats, tested the hypothesis that intragastric injection of copper sulfate, which elicits emesis by irritating the stomach lining, modifies the sensitivity of PBN/KF neurons to vertical plane rotations that activate vestibular receptors. Intragastric copper sulfate produced a 70% median change in the gain of responses to vertical plane rotations of PBN/KF units, whose firing rate was modified by the administration of the compound; the response gains for 16 units increased and those for 17 units decreased. The effects were often dramatic: out of 51 neurons tested, 13 responded to the rotations only after copper sulfate was injected, whereas 10 others responded only before drug delivery. These data show that a subset of PBN/KF neurons, whose activity is altered by a nauseogenic stimulus also respond to body motion and that irritation of the stomach lining can either cause an amplification or reduction in the sensitivity of the units to vestibular inputs. The findings imply that nausea and affective responses to vestibular stimuli may be modified by the presence of emetic signals from the GI system.

scholarly journals Effects of three commonly used diuretics on the urinary proteome

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xundou Li ◽  
Mindi Zhao ◽  
Menglin Li ◽  
Lulu Jia ◽  
Youhe Gao
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
P Value ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Urinary Proteome ◽  
Human Orthologs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Biomarker is the measurable change associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. Unlike blood which has mechanisms to keep the internal environment homeostatic, urine is more likely to reflect changes of the body. In other words, urine is likely to be a better biomarker source than blood. However, the urinary proteome are affected by many factors. In this study, the effects of three commonly used diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and spirolactone ) on the urinary proteome were analyzed in rats. Urine samples were collected before and after the intragastric administration of diuretics at therapeutic doses and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Based on quantification by Progenesis LC-MS software, there are 7, 5 and 2 proteins with the p value ≤0.05, a fold change ≥2, a spectral count ≥5 and FDR ≤1%, respectively. Most their human orthologs were considered to be stable in the healthy human urinary proteome. 10 of the 14 proteins have been reported as disease biomarkers in previous studies. So the effects of diuretics should be given more attention in future urinary protein biomarkers studies. The effects of diuretics on urinary proteome are different which can provide clues to elucidate the mechanisms of the diuretics.

scholarly journals Habituation to Complex Vestibular Stimulation in Man: Transfer and Retention of Effects from Twelve Days of Rotation at 10 Rpm

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred E. Guedry
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Transfer And Retention ◽  
Compensatory Reactions

Nine men rotated at 10 rpm for 12 days. Control Ss were tested at comparable intervals. Tests conducted before and after the 12-day run demonstrated that nystagmus and subjective effects produced by head movements during the accustomed direction of rotation (CCW) had diminished markedly, whereas during CW rotation, 1 hr. after the 12-day run, nystagmus and subjective reactions approximately equaled reactions prior to the 12-day run. The unequal reduction was attributed to conditioned compensatory reactions. Two days later, responses to both rotation directions were suppressed as compared with initial levels of response; compensatory reactions had apparently dissipated. Some response decline was still present after 3 wk. rest, but tests after 3 mo. revealed considerable recovery toward initial response levels. Reactions to passive whole-body angular acceleration were not greatly altered by the 12-day run.

RUSSIAN VESTIBULAR INVESTIGATIONS WITH PRIMATES IN FLIGHTS OF THE BIOSATELLITES

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
I.B. Kozlovskaya ◽  
◽  
B.A. Lapin ◽  
N.V. Miller ◽  
A.M. Badakva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Rhythm ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaze Fixation ◽  
Vestibular Neurons

The BION program with primates included 2 vestibular studies one was focused on coordination of the eye and head movements and activities of the medial vestibular nuclei and cerebellum flocculus during angular head movements in the horizontal plane for gaze fixation and the other, on the central vestibular neurons and otolith-induced cardiac rhythm reaction during linear displacement about the body axis. Sensitivity of the central vestibular neurons to both angular and linear accelerations was found to increase at the beginning of microgravity and then normalized gradually, whereas the flocculus activity remained high throughout the mission.

scholarly journals Multimodal Integration After Unilateral Labyrinthine Lesion: Single Vestibular Nuclei Neuron Responses and Implications for Postural Compensation

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 661-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soroush G. Sadeghi ◽  
Lloyd B. Minor ◽  
Kathleen E. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Vestibular Loss ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Passive Movements

Plasticity in neuronal responses is necessary for compensation following brain lesions and adaptation to new conditions and motor learning. In a previous study, we showed that compensatory changes in the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) following unilateral vestibular loss were characterized by dynamic reweighting of inputs from vestibular and extravestibular modalities at the level of single neurons that constitute the first central stage of VOR signal processing. Here, we studied another class of neurons, i.e., the vestibular-only neurons, in the vestibular nuclei that mediate vestibulospinal reflexes and provide information for higher brain areas. We investigated changes in the relative contribution of vestibular, neck proprioceptive, and efference copy signals in the response of these neurons during compensation after contralateral vestibular loss in Macaca mulata monkeys. We show that the time course of recovery of vestibular sensitivity of neurons corresponds with that of lower extremity muscle and tendon reflexes reported in previous studies. More important, we found that information from neck proprioceptors, which did not influence neuronal responses before the lesion, were unmasked after lesion. Such inputs influenced the early stages of the compensation process evidenced by faster and more substantial recovery of the resting discharge in proprioceptive-sensitive neurons. Interestingly, unlike our previous study of VOR interneurons, the improvement in the sensitivity of the two groups of neurons did not show any difference in the early or late stages after lesion. Finally, neuronal responses during active head movements were not different before and after lesion and were attenuated relative to passive movements over the course of recovery, similar to that observed in control conditions. Comparison of compensatory changes observed in the vestibuloocular and vestibulospinal pathways provides evidence for similarities and differences between the two classes of neurons that mediate these pathways at the functional and cellular levels.

Neuron activity in monkey vestibular nuclei during vertical vestibular stimulation and eye movements

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Chubb ◽  
A. F. Fuchs ◽  
C. A. Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Unit Activity ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Eye Velocity

To elucidate how information is processed in the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) pathways subserving vertical eye movements, extracellular single-unit recordings were obtained from the vestibular nuclei of alert monkeys trained to track a visual target with their eyes while undergoing sinusoidal pitch oscillations (0.2-1.0 Hz). Units with activity related to vertical vestibular stimulation and/or eye movements were classified as either vestibular units (n = 53), vestibular plus eye-position units (n = 30), pursuit units (n = 10), or miscellaneous units (n = 5), which had various combinations of head- and eye-movement sensitivities. Vestibular units discharged in relation to head rotation, but not to smooth eye movements. On average, these units fired approximately in phase with head velocity; however, a broad range of phase shifts was observed. The activities of 8% of the vestibular units were related to saccades. Vestibular plus eye-position units fired in relation to head velocity and eye position and, in addition, usually to eye velocity. Their discharge rates increased for eye and head movements in opposite directions. During combined head and eye movements, the modulation in unit activity was not significantly different from the sum of the modulations during each alone. For saccades, the unit firing rate either decreased to zero or was unaffected. Pursuit units discharged in relation to eye position, eye velocity, or both, but not to head movements alone. For saccades, unit activity usually either paused or was unaffected. The eye-movement-related activities of the vestibular plus eye-position and pursuit units were not significantly different. A quantitative comparison of their firing patterns suggests that vestibular, vestibular plus eye-position, and pursuit neurons in the vestibular nucleus could provide mossy fiber inputs to the flocculus. In addition, the vertical vestibular plus eye-position neurons have discharge patterns similar to those of fibers recorded rostrally in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Therefore, our data support the view that vertical vestibular plus eye-position neurons are interneurons of the VOR.

scholarly journals Effects of three commonly used diuretics on the urinary proteome

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xundou Li ◽  
Mindi Zhao ◽  
Menglin Li ◽  
Lulu Jia ◽  
Youhe Gao
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
P Value ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Urinary Proteome ◽  
Human Orthologs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Therapeutic Doses

Biomarker is the measurable change associated with a physiological or pathophysiological process. Unlike blood which has mechanisms to keep the internal environment homeostatic, urine is more likely to reflect changes of the body. In other words, urine is likely to be a better biomarker source than blood. However, the urinary proteome are affected by many factors. In this study, the effects of three commonly used diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and spirolactone ) on the urinary proteome were analyzed in rats. Urine samples were collected before and after the intragastric administration of diuretics at therapeutic doses and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Based on quantification by Progenesis LC-MS software, there are 7, 5 and 2 proteins with the p value ≤0.05, a fold change ≥2, a spectral count ≥5 and FDR ≤1%, respectively. Most their human orthologs were considered to be stable in the healthy human urinary proteome. 10 of the 14 proteins have been reported as disease biomarkers in previous studies. So the effects of diuretics should be given more attention in future urinary protein biomarkers studies. The effects of diuretics on urinary proteome are different which can provide clues to elucidate the mechanisms of the diuretics.

scholarly journals Study on the Effect of Asparagus Extracts on Promoting Metabolism of the Body

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Li ◽  
Caili Sun ◽  
Tuanting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Micro Elements

Abstract This study aims to analyze the effective ingredients of asparagus extracts and the changes of vitamins content in mice body after the intake of asparagus extracts, thus to conclude the effect of asparagus extracts on body metabolism during exercises. Extracts were made into different concentrations of solution and given to the mice by intragastric administration. The content of micro-elements and vitamin groups in the mice body before and after the drug administration were detected respectively and biochemical index parameter values before and after swimming were measured respectively. Results showed that, 20 min after the drug administration, the content of blood lactic acid of the mice in the swimming experiment group decreased significantly. Besides, the content of muscle glycogen decreased and correspondingly the content of hepatic glycogen increased significantly (experiment group one and two: p < 0.01; experiment group 3: p < 0.05). Thus the ethanol extract solution of asparagus can effectively improve body metabolism.

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