RUSSIAN VESTIBULAR INVESTIGATIONS WITH PRIMATES IN FLIGHTS OF THE BIOSATELLITES

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
I.B. Kozlovskaya ◽  
◽  
B.A. Lapin ◽  
N.V. Miller ◽  
A.M. Badakva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Rhythm ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaze Fixation ◽  
Vestibular Neurons

The BION program with primates included 2 vestibular studies one was focused on coordination of the eye and head movements and activities of the medial vestibular nuclei and cerebellum flocculus during angular head movements in the horizontal plane for gaze fixation and the other, on the central vestibular neurons and otolith-induced cardiac rhythm reaction during linear displacement about the body axis. Sensitivity of the central vestibular neurons to both angular and linear accelerations was found to increase at the beginning of microgravity and then normalized gradually, whereas the flocculus activity remained high throughout the mission.

Some Dimensions of the Angular Acceleration Receptor Systems of Cephalopods

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Maddock ◽  
J. Z. Young
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Internal Radius ◽  
Neutrally Buoyant

The shapes and dimensions of the statocysts of cephalopods have been measured and compared with the semi-circular canals of vertebrates. The cavities grow much more slowly than the body as a whole, but there are knobs, anticristae, which restrict the cavity, and these grow relatively faster. This ensures that the flow of endolymph across the cupulae remains small. Where the liquid is constrained within canals the radius of curvature of the whole canal, R, is similar to that of fishes, whereas its internal radius, r, is twice as large in non-buoyant and four times as large in deep-sea buoyant cephalopods as in fishes of similar size. As in fishes the restriction is greatest in the horizontal plane, providing for operation at higher frequencies in turning about the yaw axis.The statocysts of seven species of Loligo all have similar proportions. The largest individuals of 16 genera of non-buoyant squids also have these same relative dimensions. The statocyst of Sepia is more like that of non-buoyant than of other buoyant cephalopods but yet differs significantly from that of Loligo at all sizes. On the other hand 21 genera of squids known to be neutrally buoyant are very different. Their statocysts are often larger than in the non-buoyant forms and there is less restriction of the cavity by anticristae. The greater flow of endolymph acting across the cupulae presumably provides greater sensitivity at the lower frequencies of turning of these deep-sea animals.The data suggest that the cristae of the cephalopod statocyst may operate in the frequency band where they act as angular accelerometers whereas the vertebrate semi-circular canals operate at higher frequencies as angular velocity meters.

scholarly journals Integrative responses of neurons in nucleus tractus solitarius to visceral afferent stimulation and vestibular stimulation in vertical planes

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (5) ◽  
pp. R1380-R1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichiro Sugiyama ◽  
Takeshi Suzuki ◽  
Vincent J. DeStefino ◽  
Bill J. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarius ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Triggering Mechanisms

Anatomical studies have demonstrated that the vestibular nuclei project to nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), but little is known about the effects of vestibular inputs on NTS neuronal activity. Furthermore, lesions of NTS abolish vomiting elicited by a variety of different triggering mechanisms, including vestibular stimulation, suggesting that emetic inputs may converge on the same NTS neurons. As such, an emetic stimulus that activates gastrointestinal (GI) receptors could alter the responses of NTS neurons to vestibular inputs. In the present study, we examined in decerebrate cats the responses of NTS neurons to rotations of the body in vertical planes before and after the intragastric administration of the emetic compound copper sulfate. The activity of more than one-third of NTS neurons was modulated by vertical vestibular stimulation, with most of the responsive cells having their firing rate altered by rotations in the head-up or head-down directions. These responses were aligned with head position in space, as opposed to the velocity of head movements. The activity of NTS neurons with baroreceptor, pulmonary, and GI inputs could be modulated by vertical plane rotations. However, injection of copper sulfate into the stomach did not alter the responses to vestibular stimulation of NTS neurons that received GI inputs, suggesting that the stimuli did not have additive effects. These findings show that the detection and processing of visceral inputs by NTS neurons can be altered in accordance with the direction of ongoing movements.

HERPYLLOBIUS ELONGATA N.SP. AND OTHER HERPYLLOBIIDS (PARASITIC COPEPODS) FROM THE COASTAL WATERS OF SOUTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND NORTHERN WASHINGTON

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lützen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Species ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Parasitic Copepods ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Herpyllobius elongata (Family Herpyllobiidae, parasitic cope-pods on polynoid worms), is described. Three females were found on Hololepidella tuta (Grube) from Fulford Harbour, Saltspring Island, British Columbia. The species seems most closely related to H. polynoes (Krøyer), but deviates from all other herpyllobiids by having the stalk in continuation of the body axis, and not perpendicular to the horizontal plane through the ectosoma. The male is unknown. Descriptions and records from the waters of southern British Columbia – northern Washington are also given for two other species, H. haddoni Lützen and H. polynoes (Krøyer).

Integration of Vestibular and Head Movement Signals in the Vestibular Nuclei During Whole-Body Rotation

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 436-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg T. Gdowski ◽  
Robert A. McCrea
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Rotation ◽  
Horizontal Semicircular Canal ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Vestibular Neurons ◽  
Single Unit Recordings

Single-unit recordings were obtained from 107 horizontal semicircular canal-related central vestibular neurons in three alert squirrel monkeys during passive sinusoidal whole-body rotation (WBR) while the head was free to move in the yaw plane (2.3 Hz, 20°/s). Most of the units were identified as secondary vestibular neurons by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve (61/80 tested). Both non–eye-movement ( n = 52) and eye-movement–related ( n = 55) units were studied. Unit responses recorded when the head was free to move were compared with responses recorded when the head was restrained from moving. WBR in the absence of a visual target evoked a compensatory vestibulocollic reflex (VCR) that effectively reduced the head velocity in space by an average of 33 ± 14%. In 73 units, the compensatory head movements were sufficiently large to permit the effect of the VCR on vestibular signal processing to be assessed quantitatively. The VCR affected the rotational responses of different vestibular neurons in different ways. Approximately one-half of the units (34/73, 47%) had responses that decreased as head velocity decreased. However, the responses of many other units (24/73) showed little change. These cells had signals that were better correlated with trunk velocity than with head velocity. The remaining units had responses that were significantly larger (15/73, 21%) when the VCR produced a decrease in head velocity. Eye-movement–related units tended to have rotational responses that were correlated with head velocity. On the other hand, non–eye-movement units tended to have rotational responses that were better correlated with trunk velocity. We conclude that sensory vestibular signals are transformed from head-in-space coordinates to trunk-in-space coordinates on many secondary vestibular neurons in the vestibular nuclei by the addition of inputs related to head rotation on the trunk. This coordinate transformation is presumably important for controlling postural reflexes and constructing a central percept of body orientation and movement in space.

scholarly journals Tests of linearity in the responses of eye-movement-sensitive vestibular neurons to sinusoidal yaw rotation

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (10) ◽  
pp. 2571-2584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Newlands ◽  
Min Wei
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Vestibular Nuclei ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Type I ◽  
Vestibular Neurons ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex ◽  
Vestibular Nuclear Neurons

The rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex in primates is linear and stabilizes gaze in space over a large range of head movements. Best evidence suggests that position-vestibular-pause (PVP) and eye-head velocity (EHV) neurons in the vestibular nuclei are the primary mediators of vestibulo-ocular reflexes for rotational head movements, yet the linearity of these neurons has not been extensively tested. The current study was undertaken to understand how varying magnitudes of yaw rotation are coded in these neurons. Sixty-six PVP and 41 EHV neurons in the rostral vestibular nuclei of 7 awake rhesus macaques were recorded over a range of frequencies (0.1 to 2 Hz) and peak velocities (7.5 to 210°/s at 0.5 Hz). The sensitivity (gain) of the neurons decreased with increasing peak velocity of rotation for all PVP neurons and EHV neurons sensitive to ipsilateral rotation (type I). The sensitivity of contralateral rotation-sensitive (type II) EHV neurons did not significantly decrease with increasing peak velocity. These data show that, like non-eye-movement-related vestibular nuclear neurons that are believed to mediate nonlinear vestibular functions, PVP neurons involved in the linear vestibulo-ocular reflex also behave in a nonlinear fashion. Similar to other sensory nuclei, the magnitude of the vestibular stimulus is not linearly coded by the responses of vestibular neurons; rather, amplitude compression extends the dynamic range of PVP and type I EHV vestibular neurons.

High Heels sebagai Agensi bagi Tubuh Wanita

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Sunandar Macpal ◽  
Fathianabilla Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Image Disturbance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Heels ◽  
Experience Pain ◽  
Woman's Body

The aims of this paper is to explain the use of high heels as an agency for a woman's body. Agency context refers to pain in the body but pain is perceived as something positive. In this paper, the method used is a literature review by reviewing writings related to the use of high heels. The findings in this paper that women experience body image disturbance or anxiety because they feel themselves are not beautiful or not attractive. The use of high heels, makes women more attractive and more confident, on the other hand the use of high heels actually makes women feel pain and discomfort. However, for the achievement of beauty standards, women voluntarily allow their bodies to experience pain. However, the agency's willingness to beauty standards here is meaningless without filtering and directly accepted. Instead women keep negotiating with themselves so as to make a decision why use high heels.

EXPRESSION OF SOME IMMUNOLOGIC MARKERS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SUSPECTED LYMPHOID LESIONS OF LYMPHOMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Mao Nguyen Van ◽  
Thao Le Thi Thu
Keyword(s):  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunologic Markers ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Poor Differentiation ◽  
Benign Tumours

Background: In practice it was difficult or impossible to have a correct diagnosis for the lymphoid proliferation lesions based on only H.E standard histopathology. In addition to histopathology, the application of immunohistochemistry was indispensable for the definitive diagnosis of the malignant or benign tumours and the origin of the tumour cells as well. Objectives: 1. To describe the gross and microscopic features of the suspected lesions of lymphoma; 2. To asses the expression of some immunologic markers for the diagnosis and classification of the suspected lesions of lymphoma. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional research on 81 patients diagnosed by histopathology as lymphomas or suspected lesions of lymphoma, following with immunohistopathology staining of 6 main markers including LCA, CD3, CD20, Bcl2, CD30 and AE1/3. Results: The most site was lymph node 58.1% which appeared at cervical region 72.3%, then the stomach 14.9% and small intestine 12.4%. The other sites in the body were met with lower frequency. Histopathologically, the most type of the lesions was atypical hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue suspecting the lymphomas 49.4%, lymphomas 34.5%, the other diagnoses were lower including inflammation, poor differentiation carcinoam not excluding the lymphomas, lymphomas differentiating with poor differentiation carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry showed that, LCA, CD3, CD20, Bcl2, CD30 and AE1/3 were all positive depending on such type of tumours. The real lymphomas were 48/81 cases (59.3%), benign ones 35.8% and poor differentiated carcinomas 4.9%. Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry with 6 markers could help to diagnose correctly as benign or malignant lesions, classify and determine the origin of the tumour cells as lymphocytes or epithelial cells diagnosed by histopathology as lymphomas or suspected lesions of lymphomas. Key words: histopathology, immunohistochemistry, lymphomas, poor differentiated carcinomas, hyperplasia, atypicality

Basic Concepts and Definitions of Allergology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Vrucinic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Basic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

The future of medicine belongs to immunology and alergology. I tried to not be too wide in description, but on the other hand to mention the most important concepts of alergology to make access to these diseases more understandable, logical and more useful for our patients, that without complex pathophysiology and mechanism of immune reaction,we gain some basic insight into immunological principles. The name allergy to medicine was introduced by Pirquet in 1906, and is of Greek origin (allos-other + ergon-act; different reaction), essentially representing the reaction of an organism to a substance that has already been in contact with it, and manifested as a specific response thatmanifests as either a heightened reaction, a hypersensitivity, or as a reduced reaction immunity. Synonyms for hypersensitivity are: altered reactivity, reaction, hypersensitivity. The word sensitization comes from the Latin (sensibilitas, atis, f.), which means sensibility,sensitivity, and has retained that meaning in medical vocabulary, while in immunology and allergology this term implies the creation of hypersensitivity to an antigen. Antigen comes from the Greek words, anti-anti + genos-genus, the opposite, anti-substance substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

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