Breath-to-breath variations in rate and depth of ventilation in sleeping infants

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. R164-R169
Author(s):  
G. G. Haddad ◽  
T. L. Lai ◽  
M. A. Epstein ◽  
R. A. Epstein ◽  
K. F. Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Positive Linear Relationship ◽  
Inspiratory Activity

Ventilatory measurements were made noninvasively over 2- to 3-h periods during sleep in each of nine normal infants at 1 mo of age. To assess the changes that occur in ventilation on a breath-to-breath basis, we 1) examined the variations of each of tidal volume (VT), respiratory cycle time (Ttot), expiratory time (TE), and inspiratory time (TI) and 2) studied their interrelationships. We found that the variations of VT, Ttot, and TE but not of TI were significantly greater in rapid-eye-movement (REM) than in quiet sleep. In addition, on a breath-to-breath basis, VT had a positive linear relationship and strong correlation with TI; however, the correlation between VT and TE was weak in both sleep states. VT/Ttot was found to be moderately and negatively correlated with Ttot in both REM and quiet sleep. VT was weakly correlated with Ttot in REM sleep and was, on the average, more correlated with Ttot in quiet sleep. We suggest that in infants 1) on a breath-to-breath basis, VT/Ttot is likely to drop if respiratory frequency is decreased and 2) VT is nonlinearly related to Ttot during sleep; this lack of linearity depends on the lack of constancy of VT/Ttot, which is in turn closely related to the variability of the "on-switching" of inspiratory activity.

Maturation of ventilation and ventilatory pattern in normal sleeping infants

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 998-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Haddad ◽  
R. A. Epstein ◽  
M. A. Epstein ◽  
H. L. Leistner ◽  
P. A. Marino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Inspiratory Flow ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Ventilatory Pattern ◽  
Inspiratory Activity

Noninvasive studies of ventilation and ventilatory pattern were performed serially in 15 normal infants in the first 4 mo of life during REM and quiet sleep with the barometric method. We measured tidal volume (VT), total respiratory cycle time (Ttot), inspiratory time (Ti), expiratory time (TE), mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), and respiratory “duty cycle” (TI/Ttot). Vt, Ttot, TI, TE, VT/TI, and VT/Ttot but not TI/Ttot increased with age. In all age groups, Ttot, TI, and TE but not VT/TI were greater in quiet than in REM sleep. In the first 2 mo of life, VT was greater in quiet than in REM sleep; in the older infants, VT/Ttot was smaller in quiet than in REM sleep. TI/Ttot was not dependent on sleep state. Thus, because VT/Ttot = VT/TI X TI/Ttot, the increase in VT/Ttot with age results from an increase in mean inspiratory flow rather than from changes in respiratory “duty cycle”. Further, the “on-switching” as well as the “off-switching” of inspiratory activity depends on sleep state.

Response to Acute Hypercapnia in the Parents of Victims of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 652-655
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Couriel ◽  
Anthony Olinsky
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Inspiratory Time

The ventilatory response to acute hypercapnia was studied in 68 parents of victims of sudden infant death syndrome and 56 control subjects. Tidal volume, inspiratory time, and total respiratory cycle time were measured before and immediately after a vital capacity breath of 13% CO2 in oxygen. Instantaneous minute ventilation, mean inspiratory flow (tidal volume/inspiratory time), and respiratory timing (inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle time) were calculated. Both groups of subjects showed a marked increase in tidal volume (48.4% ± 26.5%), instantaneous minute ventilation (56% ± 35%), and tidal volume/inspiratory time (56.8% ± 33.5%) after inhalation of the test gas, with little change in inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle time. There were no significant differences between the two groups for ventilation before or after inhalation of the test gas. The ventilatory response to acute hypercapnia is mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors. These results suggest that an inherited abnormality of peripheral chemoreceptor function is unlikely to be a factor leading to sudden infant death syndrome.

Cricothyroid muscle activity during sleep in normal adult humans

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 2326-2332 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Kuna ◽  
J. S. Smickley ◽  
C. R. Vanoye ◽  
T. H. McMillan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Continuous Positive Pressure

Previous investigators reported that cricothyroid (CT) muscle usually exhibits phasic inspiratory activity in normal adult humans during wakefulness. The purpose of this study was to determine respiratory-related CT activity in normal adult humans during sleep. Nighttime polysomnograms were performed in 16 subjects. Hooked-wire electrodes were percutaneously implanted in CT with 21-gauge needle-catheter unit that allowed artifact-free monopolar recordings during electrode placement. During wakefulness, CT was usually phasically active on inspiration, with tonic activity throughout the respiratory cycle. Phasic inspiratory activity was present throughout sleep in all subjects, even those without respiratory-related CT activity during wakefulness. Compared with non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, phasic CT activity uniformly increased in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. No differences were apparent in height of phasic CT activity between phasic and tonic REM sleep. Application of nasal continuous positive pressure in stage 3/4 NREM sleep was associated with a decrease in phasic CT activity. Passively induced hypocapnia with positive-pressure ventilation via a nose mask in stage 3/4 NREM sleep was associated with a disappearance of phasic CT activity. Cessation of positive-pressure ventilation under hypocapnic conditions frequently resulted in apnea. Phasic CT activity remained absent during apnea but reappeared coincident with or soon after resumption of spontaneous respiration. In summary, CT′s phasic inspiratory activity and respiratory-related response to various stimuli during sleep were very similar to those of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, the principal vocal cord abductor.

Arousal responses to hypertension in lambs: effect of sinoaortic denervation

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (4) ◽  
pp. H1283-H1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Horne ◽  
N. D. De Preu ◽  
P. J. Berger ◽  
A. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Stimulus Strength ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Acute Hypertension ◽  
Neural Processes

Newborn lambs were subjected to hypertensive stimuli of 1-min duration to examine features of hypertension-induced arousal from sleep. Reflex mechanisms involved were studied by performing the same tests after sinoaortic denervation (SAD). In intact lambs, hypertension increased the probability of arousal from both quiet sleep (QS) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Hypertension resulted in arousal in 51% (QS) and 50% (REM) of tests. Arousal time was significantly longer in REM (29.3 +/- 0.9 s, mean +/- SE) than in QS (22.6 +/- 0.6 s, P less than 0.01). Arterial oxygen saturation (So2) and partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) measured at the point of arousal, or after 60 s if arousal failed to occur, were unchanged from control values. After SAD hypertension did not increase the probability of arousal. Arousals significantly decreased (P less than 0.001) to 31% (QS) and 10% (REM). These findings indicate that acute hypertension, mediated via arterial baroreceptors, is a potent stimulus for arousal. In intact lambs, the arousal probability increased and arousal time decreased with increasing stimulus strength (1-30 mmHg), but the arousal time difference between QS and REM remained constant. Consideration of these findings in terms of a simple baroreflex threshold model suggests that the slower response in REM sleep is explained by slower neural processes after the achievement of a critical arousal input rather than by a higher threshold for baroreceptor input in this state.

scholarly journals Optical imaging of the ventral medullary surface across sleep-wake states

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (4) ◽  
pp. R1239-R1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Richard ◽  
D. M. Rector ◽  
R. K. Harper ◽  
R. M. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Optical Imaging ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Ventral Medullary Surface ◽  
Wavelength Light

We hypothesized that spontaneous activity declines over widespread areas of the cat ventral medullary surface (VMS) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We assessed neural and hemodynamic activity, measured as changes in reflected 660- and 560-nm wavelength light, from the VMS during sleep and waking states in five adult, unrestrained cats and in two control cats. Relative to quiet sleep, overall activity declined, and variability, assessed by standard deviation, increased by 25% during REM sleep. Variability in activity during waking also increased by 45% over quiet sleep, but mean activity was unchanged. REM sleep onset was preceded by a reduction in the hemodynamic signal from 5 to 60 s before neural activity decline. The activity decline during REM sleep, previously noted in the goat rostral VMS, extends to intermediate VMS areas of the cat and differs from most neural sites, such as the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, which increase activity during REM sleep. The activity decline during REM sleep has the potential to modify VMS responsiveness to baroreceptor and chemoreceptor challenges during the REM state.

Interactive effects of CO2 and upper airway negative pressure on breathing pattern

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. van Lunteren
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Diaphragm Electrical Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
The Relationship

The interactive effects of upper airway negative pressure and hypercapnia on the pattern of breathing were assessed in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. At any given level of pressure in the upper airway, hypercapnia increased respiratory rate, reduced inspiratory time, and augmented tidal volume, inspiratory airflow, and the peak and rate of rise of diaphragm electrical activity. Conversely, at any given level of CO2, upper airway negative pressure decreased respiratory rate, prolonged inspiratory time, and depressed inspiratory airflow and diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) rate of rise. Application of negative pressure to the upper airway shifted the relationship between tidal volume and inspiratory time upward and rightward. The relationship between inspiratory and expiratory times, however, was linearly correlated over a wide range of chemical drives and levels of upper airway pressure. These results suggest that in the anesthetized cat upper airway negative pressure afferent inputs 1) interact in an additive fashion with hypercapnia to alter the pattern of breathing, 2) interact multiplicatively with CO2 to influence mean inspiratory airflow and diaphragm EMG rate of rise, 3) depress the generation of central inspiratory activity, 4) increase the time-dependent volume threshold for inspiratory termination, and 5) affect the ratio between inspiratory and expiratory times in a similar manner as alterations in PCO2.

Diaphragmatic muscle tone

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Muller ◽  
G. Volgyesi ◽  
L. Becker ◽  
M. H. Bryan ◽  
A. C. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Halothane Anesthesia ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Diaphragmatic Muscle

It is generally believed that there is a scarcity of muscle spindles in the diaphragm and that there is no tonic activity at end expiration. This conclusion is based mainly on animal studies and the difficulty in differentiating tonic electromyogram activity from noise. We have, however, found a number of muscle spindles in the newborn human diagphragm, concentrated in the region of the central tendon. We also tried to detect tonic activity by decreasing it (by rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep or anesthesia) or increasing it (with abdominal loading). During REM sleep in five infants and five adults, using subcostal electrodes were observed a marked fall in tonic activity (P less than 0.001) compared to non-REM or quiet sleep. We also observed a reduction in diaphragmatic tonic activity with halothane anesthesia (P less than 0.001). With esophageal electrodes in adult subjects, there was a rise in tonic diaphragmatic activity proportional to the amount of abdomina load (P less than 0.001). We conclude that there are muscle spindles in the human diaphragm and that there is tonic activity at end expiration.

Apneic Spells and Sleep States in Preterm Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
M. Gabriel ◽  
M. Albani ◽  
F. J. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Spinal Motoneurons ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Recording Technique ◽  
Polygraphic Recording

The incidence of apneic spells during different sleep states, active sleep, quiet sleep, and undifferentiated sleep was determined in eight preterm infants of 30 to 35 weeks' conceptional age, by means of a polygraphic recording technique. They were free of perinatal and postnatal complications other than apnea. During their active or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep they showed significantly more apneic episodes which were also longer lasting and they were accompanied by bradycardia of a greater severity. The organization of the immature nervous system with a preponderance of inhibitory synaptic connections and the additional inhibition of spinal motoneurons during REM sleep are likely to be the cause of apneic spells in otherwise "normal" preterm infants.

Maturation of ventilatory response to hypoxia in puppies during sleep

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Haddad ◽  
M. R. Gandhi ◽  
R. B. Mellins
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Steady Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Hypoxia

Using the barometric method, we studied the maturation of the ventilatory response to steady-level hypoxia (FIO2 = 15%O2) during sleep in 37 beagle puppies. In rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, instantaneous minute ventilation (VT/Ttot) and mean inspiratory time (VT/TI) increased, and inspiratory time (TI) and expiratory time (TE) were shortened in response to hypoxia at all the ages studied (14, 19, 24, 29 days). In quiet sleep, however, VT/Ttot decreased, and TE and Ttot were prolonged at 14 days in response to the same hypoxic stimulus. There was no change in VT/Ttot at 19 and 24 days of age, but VI/Ttot and VT/TI increased, and TI and TE were shortened at 29 days of age in response to hypoxia in the same sleep state. The mean arterial O2 tension (PaO2) dropped during hypoxia to about 45 Torr, and the mean arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) decreased, and the mean pH increased at all ages in both REM and quiet sleep. We conclude that in beagles puppies 1) the ventilatory response to hypoxia matures at a slower rate in quiet than in REM sleep and depends primarily on timing rather than volume mechanisms: and 2) in response to hypoxia, the regulation of blood gases in REM sleep may be achieved differently from that in quiet sleep in early life.

Congenital Central Hypoventilation and Sleep State

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-428
Author(s):  
Peter J. Fleming ◽  
Darlene Cade ◽  
M. Heather Bryan ◽  
A. Charles Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Awake State ◽  
Central Hypoventilation

Congenital central hypoventilation (Ondine's curse) is described in an infant with persistant symptoms throughout the first nine months of life. Respiratory control was most severely affected in quiet sleep, although abnormalities were present in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and while awake. Failure of metabolic control in quiet sleep led to profound hypoventilation. Behavioral or "behavioral-like" inputs in the awake state and REM sleep increased ventilation, but not to expected normal levels. The ventilatory response to inhaled 4% CO2 was markedly depressed in all states.

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