Gluconeogenesis in liver and kidney of common murre (Uria aalge)

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (6) ◽  
pp. R903-R907 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Herzberg ◽  
J. T. Brosnan ◽  
B. Hall ◽  
M. Rogerson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Uria Aalge ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Major Site ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Gluconeogenic Substrates ◽  
Better Than

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in murre liver occurs in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms. During a 3-day fast, hepatic PEPCK increases from 9.1 U/g with 19% cytosolic to 12.2 U/g with 35% cytosolic. The increase in activity is due almost entirely to increased cytosolic activity. PEPCK in murre kidney was present only in the mitochondrial compartment. Gluconeogenesis in vitro was determined in both hepatocytes and kidney tubules isolated from 3-day-fasted murres. In hepatocytes, lactate was the best substrate, but both pyruvate and alanine were good gluconeogenic substrates. This observation is consistent with the existence of a cytosolic form of PEPCK. In the kidney, glycerol was the best substrate but was only slightly better than lactate. Alanine and pyruvate were not as effective as gluconeogenic precursors, presumably because of the lack of cytosolic PEPCK. We propose that the major site of gluconeogenesis from amino acids in the murre is the liver, since this is a much larger organ than the kidney and has a cytosolic form of PEPCK necessary for gluconeogenesis from oxidized substrates.

EFFECT OF LITHIUM ON DEIODINATING ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS RAT TISSUES IN VITRO

1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Männistö
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Biological Half Life ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Licl Treatment

ABSTRACT The effect of lithium chloride (LiCl) on the deiodination of iodotyrosines, on the degradation of 125I-L-thyroxine (125I-L-T4) in vitro and on the disappearance of exogenous 125I-L4 and 125I-rat-TSH in vivo was studied in rats. Iodotyrosine deiodination was studied in vitro with three techniques. The whole thyroid lobes were not satisfactory as substrate. When a diluted mixture of prelabelled iodo-amino acids was used as substrate, thyroid homogenates deiodinated iodotyrosines. The reaction was inhibited by boiling and by 3,5-dinitro-L-tyrosine (DNT), but LiCl (2 × 10−2 m) had no effect. When 125I-3-iodo-L-tyrosine (125I-L-MIT) served as substrate, increasing concentrations of thyroid homogenates showed an increasing deicdinating activity, which was stimulated by NADP (1.5 × 10−4 m). Inhibitors of dehalogenase DNT (10−4 and 10 −3 m) and menandione (10−4 m) inhibited deiodination, but LiCl (5×10−3 − 0.1 m) was again without effect. The degradation of 125I-L-T4 by liver and kidney homogenates was inhibited by LiCl (5 × 10−3 − 0.1 m). The disappearance of 125I-L-T4 was studied in rats treated with LiCl for 1 – 4 or 60 – 64 days in vivo. The half-lives were as follows: at 1 –4 days, the control rats 15.9 ± 1.3 h and the LiCl treated rats 19.1 ± 2.1 h (P < 0.05) and at 60 – 64 days 11.2 ± 2.0 h and 66.8 ± 12.3 h (P < respectively. The prolonged half-life in the LiCl treated rats was not due to the decreased excretion of radioactivity in the urine or faeces. The biological half-life of 125I-rat-TSH (11.4 ± 3.2 min) was not modified by LiCl treatment for 5 days. It can be concluded that the antithyroid effect of LiCl neither originates from the inhibition of iodotyrosine deiodination nor from the change in the half-life of TSH. The half-life of thyroxine is prolonged by LiCl, an effect which is perhaps due to the decreased degradation of thyroxine by tissues.

scholarly journals Stimulation of glutamine metabolism by 3-aminopicolinate in isolated dog kidney-cortex tubules

1983 ◽  
Vol 210 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Durozard ◽  
G Baverel
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Kidney Cortex ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Dog Kidney ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
Isolated Dog Kidney ◽  
Gluconeogenic Substrates ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. The effects of 3-aminopicolinate, a known hyperglycaemic agent in the rat, on glutamine metabolism were studied in isolated dog kidney tubules. 2. 3-Aminopicolinate greatly stimulated glutamine (but not glutamate) removal and glutamate accumulation from glutamine as well as formation of ammonia, aspartate, lactate, alanine and glucose. 3. The increased accumulation of aspartate from glutamine and glutamate, and the inhibition of glucose synthesis from various non-nitrogenous gluconeogenic substrates, as well as the increased accumulation of malate from succinate, support the proposal that 3-aminopicolinate is an inhibitor rather than a stimulator of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) in dog kidney tubules. 4. With glutamine as substrate, the increase in flux through glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) could not explain the large increase in glutamine removal caused by 3-aminopicolinate. 5. Inhibition by amino-oxyacetate of accumulation of aspartate and alanine from glutamine caused by 3-aminopicolinate did not prevent the acceleration of glutamine utilization. 6. These data are consistent with a direct stimulation of glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) by 3-aminopicolinate in dog kidney tubules.

scholarly journals Amino Acids Composition of Liver, Heart and Kidneys of Thryonomys swingerianus (Temminck 1827) Compared

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye ◽  
Olajide Ayodele ◽  
Joshua Iseoluwa Orege
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Better Than

Amino acids composition of Thryonomysswingerianus is reported. Whereas protein values (g100g-1) were liver (74.1), kidney (91.5), heart (84.6); corresponding total amino acid values were 93.5, 83.2 and 80.6. True protein from the crude protein of the samples ran thus: liver>kidney>heart. Of the twenty parameters reported on, liver was best in 12/20 (60.0%), kidney and heart both shared the second position of 4/20(20%) each. Among the essential amino acids, leucine predominated in both liver (7.96g100g-1 protein) and kidney (8.11g100g-1 protein) but valine (6.21g100g-1 protein) predominated in the heart. The P-PER values were; P-PER1: 2.78 (liver), 2.91(kidney), 0.716 (heart) and P-PER2: 2.71 (liver), 2.90 (kidney), 0.564 (heart). However, there was a reverse between liver and kidney in the EAAI values with liver (92.0) > kidney (90.2) > heart (87.6) with corresponding BV values of 88.5 > 86.6 > 83.7. In the amino acids scoring pattern, Ser was limiting in liver (0.533) and heart (0.394) but Thr (0.490) in kidney in whole hen’s egg score comparison; in FAO/WHO scoring standards, Thr was limiting in liver (0.988) and kidney (0.625) but Leu (0.459) in heart. In pre-school requirements, liver recorded no limiting amino acid whereas Thr was limiting in kidney (0.735) and Leu was limiting in the heart (0.486). T.swingerianus red viscera was compared with the red viscera of livestock animals (cattle, sheep and pork) as well as FAO/WHO/UNU standards for total essential amino acids. Our results when compared with the livestock red viscera (without Trp) and FAO/WHO/UNU (g100g-1 protein), we have heart: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig:45.3 /46.0/42.7/46.6; kidney: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig: 47.6/43.8/42.5/46.7; liver: grasscutter/cattle/sheep/pig: 50.7/47.7/41.5/47.5 and grasscutter liver/kidney/heart/ FAO/WHO/UNU:50.7/47.6/45.3/32.8 showing that all the red viscera values in T.swingerianus were better than the essential amino acids in the FAO/WHO/UNU standards and livestock red viscera. Statistical values showed that significant differences existed among the samples at r=0.01.

Plasma amino acid levels and development of hepatic gluconeogenesis in the newborn rat

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (2) ◽  
pp. 466-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girard ◽  
I Guillet ◽  
J Marty ◽  
EB Marliss
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Hepatic Gluconeogenesis ◽  
Substrate Conversion ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Gluconeogenic Substrates ◽  
Gluconeogenic Substrate

The metabolism of endogenous and exogenous amino acids has been characterized during a 16-h fast after birth in the rat. Eighteen of 22 amino acids showed a decrease in plasma concentration up to 16 h, the most profound and sustained changes affecting those quantitatively important in gluconeogenesis. The hepatic accumulation of injected [14C]aminoisobutyric acid showed a progressive rise after birth. The in vivo conversion of 14C-labeled lactate, alanine, serine, and glutamine to [14C]glucose increased for 6 h, but all except glutamine showed a decline by 16 h. The in vitro conversion of several gluconeogenic substrates (10mM), however, increased with time in each instance. These data confirm that the capacity for hepatic gluconeogenesis and maintenance of blood glucose concentration appears immediately after birth. Nevertheless, profound hypoglycemia recurs at 16 h and responds only minimally and transiently to exogenous gluconeogenic substrate loads. In contrast, the fed newborn maintains normoglycemia, higher endogenous amino acid levels, and the capacity for substrate conversion at this time. The mechanism for stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenic pathways thus is present in both fasted and fed neonatal rats. However, owing to insufficient energy sources to sustain gluconeogenesis and to inadequate gluconeogenic substrate, the rat is unable to maintain normoglycemia if fasted 16 h.

In vitro degradation of leucine in muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and kidney of fed and starved sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 1133-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Wijayasinghe ◽  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
J. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Intercostal Muscle ◽  
Major Site ◽  
In Vitro Degradation ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Fibre Bundles ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Leucine Catabolism

In vitro rates of conversion of [1-14C]leucine to 4-methyl-2-oxo[1-14C]pentanoate and of oxidation of [I-14C] and [U-14C]leucine were measured for tissues from fed and starved (5 days) sheep. Slices of liver and kidney and preparations of adipose tissue and of fibre bundles of external intercostal muscle (EIC) were used. Skeletal muscle is likely the major site of leucine catabolism in sheep although adipose tissue is capable of substantial metabolism. Muscle and adipose tissue from fed sheep released 17 and 5% of the [l-14C ]leucine transaminated as 4-methyl-2-oxo-[1-14C]pentanoate and upon starvation the proportions were increased (P<0.001) to 46 and 32%. Starvation reduced (P<0.01) leucine catabolism in all tissues except the kidney. The pattern of leucine catabolism in EIC muscle changed from extensive oxidation in the fed state to being limited essentially to transamination and decarboxylation in the starved state.

Metabolic machinery of the alligator kidney

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (4) ◽  
pp. F686-F693 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lemieux ◽  
A. G. Craan ◽  
A. Quenneville ◽  
C. Lemieux ◽  
J. Berkofsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Alkaline Urine ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Crocodilians such as caimans and alligators are uricotelic and ammoniotelic animals. They are carnivorous but they excrete ammonium ions in an alkaline urine. The metabolic organization of the kidney of the Mississippi alligator was studied by measuring the renal metabolite profile, the activities of enzymes, and the behavior of kidney tubules in vitro. The liver and tail muscle were also studied. Both awake and anesthetized animals were in a state of low plasma bicarbonate and low blood pH with high plasma lactate concentration. This did not prevent the excretion of an alkaline urine (pH 7.76). alpha-Ketoglutarate was low in all three tissues and lactate was high. Glutamate concentration and glutamate dehydrogenase activity were highest in the kidney with a low equilibrium constant for alanine aminotransferase (KGPT). Glutaminase I was found only in the kidney. It could not be detected in liver or muscle. Glutamine synthetase was found only in the liver. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) was present in both liver and kidney. Alanine aminotransferase and malic enzyme showed high activity in the kidney but were inconspicuous in liver and muscle. Malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were present in all three tissues. Renal tubules incubated with glutamine and alanine were ammoniagenic and gluconeogenic. Lactate was gluconeogenic. Enzyme activities were measured at both 30 and 37 degrees C. The studies on renal tubules were also performed at these two temperatures. Temperature had little effect on the data including acid-base values in the blood. Our findings demonstrate that the kidney of the alligator is perfectly equipped for various metabolic functions and especially for ammoniagenesis and gluconeogenesis.

201 LIVER AND KIDNEY FUNCTION IN BOVINE FETUSES FROM EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN VIVO OR IN VITRO

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
P. W. Farin ◽  
D. E. Malarkey ◽  
J. E. Alexander ◽  
C. E. Farin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Kidney Morphology ◽  
Bovine Fetuses ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abnormal offspring syndrome can occur in fetuses and calves resulting from embryos produced in vitro or by nuclear transfer procedures. This study was conducted to determine the effects of in vitro embryo culture on fetal biochemistry profiles and histology of the liver and kidneys during late gestation. Embryos were produced in vivo by using superovulated cows (In Vivo) or in vitro by using a serum-containing culture system (In Vitro) as previously described (Miles et al. 2004 Biol. Reprod. 71, 1919–1926). Single blastocysts from each embryo production system were transferred nonsurgically into heifers. On Day 222 of gestation, fetuses from the In Vivo group (n = 12) and the In Vitro group (n = 12) were recovered in utero. Samples of fetal serum were collected for biochemical analysis. Samples of liver and kidney were prepared for histological evaluation. Stereological methods were used to determine the volume density of hepatocytes as well as kidney glomeruli and kidney tubules. Fetuses from the In Vitro group were heavier (P = 0.03) than those from the InVivo group (17.3 � 1.0 kg and 20.7 � 1.0 kg for InVivo and InVitro, respectively; least squares means � SEM). Liver and paired kidney weights per kilogram of body weight did not differ (P ≥ 0.10) with treatment (26.4 � 0.6 g kg–1 v. 27.6 � 0.6 g kg–1 and 7.8 � 0.5 g kg–1 v. 9.1 � 0.5 g kg–1 for liver and kidney, respectively). In addition, there was no effect of treatment on the volume densities of hepatocytes, kidney glomeruli, and kidney tubules. However, compared with the In Vivo group, fetuses from the In Vitro group had increased (P ≤ 0.02) concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN; 13.8 � 1.8 mg dL–1 v. 19.8 � 1.8 mg dL–1) and BUN:creatinine ratio (4.6 � 0.8 v. 7.9 � 0.8). No differences were observed between the In Vivo and In Vitro groups for serum levels of creatinine, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, glucose, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I. In summary, compared with bovine fetuses from in vivo-produced embryos, fetuses from in vitro-produced embryos had increased body weight, normal liver and kidney morphology, and increased concentrations of BUN during late gestation. Supported by the State of North Carolina.

scholarly journals Quantitative PCR assays to detect humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), shortbelly rockfish (Sebastes jordani), and common murre (Uria aalge) in marine water samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Andruszkiewicz ◽  
Kevan M. Yamahara ◽  
Collin J. Closek ◽  
Alexandria B. Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Humpback Whale ◽  
Megaptera Novaeangliae ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Uria Aalge ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Assay Design ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractMonitoring aquatic species by identification of environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming more common. In order to obtain quantitative datasets for individual species, species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays are required. Here, we present detailed methodology of qPCR assay design and testing, including in silico, in vitro, and in vivo testing, and comment on the challenges associated with assay design and performance. We use the presented methodology to design assays for three important marine organisms common in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE): humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), shortbelly rockfish (Sebastes jordani), and common murre (Uria aalge). All three assays have excellent sensitivity and high efficiencies ranging from 92% to 99%. However, specificities of the assays varied from species-specific in the case of common murre to the genus-specific shortbelly rockfish assay, to the humpback whale assay which cross-amplified with other two other whale species, including one in a different family. All assays detected their associated targets in complex environmental water samples.

MICROPROPAGATION OF CHICKPEA FROM SHOOT TIP AND NODE SEGMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. BARSHILE
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
Multiple Response ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Rapid Multiplication ◽  
Micro Propagation ◽  
G 12 ◽  
Better Than

Present investigation was undertaken to standardize technique for in vitro micro-propagation of chickpea( Cicer arietinum ) cultivar Vishwas (Phule G 12). Micropropagation method for chickpea was established and this method enabled much more efficient propagation of plants. The present work was aimed at evolving a protocol for rapid multiplication of chickpea using micropropagation technique. Explants from shoot tip and node segment were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and Kinetin (1.0 to 2.5 mg/l) and their growth responses like shooting were elucidated. The maximum multiple response was observed with 2 mg/l concentration of BAP from both types of explant. The highest number of shoots (12.5 ± 0.3) was achieved on MS medium with 2 mg/l BAP using node segments. The medium supplemented with 2 mg/l of BAP was found better than all other concentrations. Individual shoots were transferred to IBA and IAA (1.0-1.5 mg/l) for root induction. MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/l of IBA proved better for rooting. Rooted plantlets were successfully hardened in greenhouse and established in the pot.

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