Suppression of meal size by intestinal nutrients is eliminated by celiac vagal deafferentation

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (6) ◽  
pp. R1410-R1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Walls ◽  
R. J. Phillips ◽  
F. B. Wang ◽  
M. C. Holst ◽  
T. L. Powley
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Response Profiles ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The arrival of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract suppresses intake. To specify the neural pathways and receptor locations of this feedback, we examined the effects of intraduodenal infusions of 10 nutrients plus saline on short-term food intake of rats with selective deafferentations of vagal celiac branches. Three response profiles were observed: 1) isotonic saline, 5.6% glycerol, and 3% fructose did not inhibit intake of controls or selectively deafferented animals; 2) 3% glucose, 3% maltose, 3% L-phenylalanine, 12% Isocal, and 1.4% oleic acid suppressed intake of controls, but this inhibition was eliminated by vagal celiac deafferentation; and 3) 3% casein hydrolysate and 24% Isocal suppressed intake of controls and rats with selective vagotomies, although the latter exhibited significantly less suppression. In addition, elimination of celiac afferents chronically reduced meal size (i.e., first 30-min intake) without reducing daily food intake or body weight. Furthermore, D-phenylalanine infusions produced a delayed suppression of food intake in controls (possibly from intraluminal irritation); however, this reduction was eliminated with celiac deafferentation. Overall, this experiment indicates that vagal celiac afferents are critical for preabsorptive detection of some energy-yielding molecules or properties of nutrient solutions (as well as, perhaps, intraluminal inflammation), but not others, which are still detected, although only partially.

Increased short-term food satiation and sensitivity to cholecystokinin in neurotrophin-4 knock-in mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (5) ◽  
pp. R1044-R1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Chi ◽  
Guoping Fan ◽  
Edward A. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Food Satiation ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Solid Diet

Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) knockout mice exhibited decreased innervation of the small intestine by vagal intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) and reduced food satiation. Recent findings suggested this innervation was increased in NT-4 knock-in (NT-4KI) mice. Therefore, to further investigate the relationship between intestinal IGLEs and satiation, meal patterns were characterized using solid and liquid diets, and cholecystokinin (CCK) effects on 30-min solid diet intake were examined in NT-4KI and wild-type mice. NT-4KI mice consuming the solid diet exhibited reduced meal size, suggesting increased satiation. However, compensation occurred through increased meal frequency, maintaining daily food intake and body weight gain similar to controls. Mutants fed the liquid diet displayed a decrease in intake rate, again implying increased satiation, but meal duration increased, which led to an increase in meal size. This was compensated for by decreased meal frequency, resulting in similar daily food intake and weight gain as controls. Importantly, these alterations in NT-4KI mice were opposite, or different, from those of NT-4 knockout mice, further supporting the hypothesis that they are specific to vagal afferent signaling. CCK suppressed short-term intake in mutants and controls, but the mutants exhibited larger suppressions at lower doses, implying they were more sensitive to CCK. Moreover, devazepide prevented this suppression, indicating this increased sensitivity was mediated by CCK-1 receptors. These results suggest that the NT-4 gene knock-in, probably involving increased intestinal IGLE innervation, altered short-term feeding, in particular by enhancing satiation and sensitivity to CCK, whereas long-term control of daily intake and body weight was unaffected.

scholarly journals Salmon calcitonin reduces food intake through changes in meal sizes in male rhesus monkeys

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (1) ◽  
pp. R76-R81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Bello ◽  
Matthew H. Kemm ◽  
Timothy H. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Salmon Calcitonin ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Meal Patterns ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Male Rhesus

Amylinergic mechanisms are believed to be involved in the control of appetite. This study examined the effects of the amylin agonist, salmon calcitonin, on food intake and meal patterns in adult male rhesus monkeys. Fifteen minutes before the onset of their 6-h daily feeding period, monkeys received intramuscular injections of various doses of salmon calcitonin (0.032, 0.056, 0.1, 0.32, and 1 μg/kg) or saline. Salmon calcitonin dose dependently reduced total daily and hourly food intake, with significant decreases at the 0.1, 0.32, and 1 μg/kg doses. Daily food intake was reduced by ∼35%, 62%, and 96%, at these doses, respectively. An analysis of meal patterns revealed that size of the first meal was significantly reduced across the dose range of 0.056 to 1 μg/kg, while average meal size was reduced with the 0.32 and 1 μg/kg doses. Meal number was only affected at the 1 μg/kg dose. Repeated 5-day administration of the 0.1 μg/kg dose resulted in a reduction in daily food intake only on injection day 2, while significant reductions in food intake were observed on all five injection days with a 0.32 μg/kg dose. Daily food intake was also reduced for 1 day after the termination of the 5-day injections of the 0.32 μg/kg salmon calcitonin dose. These sustained reductions in intake were expressed through decreases in meal size. These data demonstrate that salmon calcitonin acutely and consistently decreases food intake mainly through reductions in meal sizes in nonhuman primates.

Intracranial infusion of CCK-8 derivatives suppresses food intake in rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (4) ◽  
pp. R718-R723 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mori ◽  
K. Nagai ◽  
H. Nakagawa ◽  
N. Yanaihara
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Brain

The effects of infusions for approximately 1 wk of the synthetic COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) and its derivatives, pyroglutamyl-CCK-8 (pGlu-CCK-8) and glutaryl-CCK-8 (Glt-CCK-8), into the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus of male Wistar rats on their feeding behavior under 12:12 light-dark cycle were examined. Infusion of CCK-8 (0.8 pmol/h) did not change the total daily food intake but caused slight decrease in food intake during the 12-h dark period with slight increase in the 12-h light period. Infusions of pGlu-CCK-8 (0.8 pmol/h) and Glt-CCK-8 (0.8 pmol/h) markedly reduced food intake during the 12-h dark period but had little effect in the light period and thus decreased total daily food intake. The reductions in food intake during the 12-h dark period due to infusions of the CCK-8 derivatives were greater than that due to CCK-8 infusion. Body weight changes reflected changes in food intake. CCK-8 derivatives appeared to suppress both meal size and frequency at the early part of the infusion period but reduce only meal size at the later part. Histological examination showed that infusion sites in the brain were widely damaged; however, neurons in the SCN appeared to be intact. These findings suggest that CCK-8 suppresses food intake during the dark period in rats by acting on some site(s) in the brain. The results also support the possibility that CCK-8 is degraded enzymatically in the brain, whereas the two derivatives, pGlu-CCK-8 and Glt-CCK-8, are resistant to degradation.

CCK-octapeptide injected in CSF decreases meal size and daily food intake in sheep

Peptides ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Della-Fera ◽  
Clifton A. Baile
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food

Acute activation of ERα decreases food intake, meal size, and body weight in ovariectomized rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (6) ◽  
pp. R2194-R2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Santollo ◽  
Mathew D. Wiley ◽  
Lisa A. Eckel
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Anorexigenic Effect

Estradiol exerts many of its actions by coupling with two nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) proteins, ERα, and ERβ.While the acute, anorexigenic effect of estradiol appears to involve such a mechanism, the relative contributions of ERα and ERβ are equivocal. To address this problem, food intake was monitored in ovariectomized (OVX) rats following acute administration of a selective ERα agonist (4,4′,4′′-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol, PPT; dose range = 0–200 μg), a selective ERβ agonist (2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile, DPN; dose range = 0–600 μg), and a physiological (4 μg) dose of estradiol benzoate (EB). While PPT-treated rats displayed dose-dependent decreases in daily food intake and body weight, neither of these measures was influenced by any dose of DPN. In addition, DPN failed to modulate the anorexigenic effect of PPT when the two ER agonists were coadministered. Meal pattern analysis revealed that the anorexigenic effect of 75 μg PPT (a dose of PPT that produced a similar decrease in daily food intake as 4 μg EB) was mediated by a decrease in meal size, not meal number. Thus, PPT, like EB and endogenous estradiol, decreases food intake by selectively affecting the controls of meal size. The finding that acute administration of 75 μg PPT failed to induce a conditioned taste aversion suggests that the anorexigenic effect of this dose of PPT is not secondary to malaise. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that selective activation of ERα decreases food intake, body weight, and meal size in the ovariectomized rat.

Differential effects of intravenous glucose, amino acids, and lipid on daily food intake in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. R225-R234 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Walls ◽  
H. S. Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Lipid Emulsion ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Oral Diet

Three types of nutrient were infused intravenously for 30 min before and during the 17 h when rats were fed to assess the effects of these nutrients on short-term and daily food intake. Infusions of glucose (34 kcal/day for 4 days) reduced food intake from saline baseline levels by 18.8 +/- 1.9 kcal/day. This represents an oral intake reduction equivalent to 55% of each calorie infused. When amino acids were delivered intravenously at 10 and then 20 kcal/day for 4 days, food intake was reduced by 11.9 +/- 1.4 and 20.4 +/- 2.4 kcal/day, which represent oral intake reductions of 112 and 103% of infused calories, respectively. Food intake was reduced 8.2 +/- 0.5 and 16.6 +/- 1.4 kcal/day (or 41 and 42% of calories infused), when a lipid emulsion was delivered at 20 or 40 kcal/day for 6 days, respectively. A combination of all three nutrients (i.v. diet composed of 50% glucose, 13% amino acids, and 37% lipid by calories) identical to the nutrient composition of the oral diet was infused at 20 and then 40 kcal/day for 6 days. Food intakes were reduced by 14.8 +/- 2.0 and 32.3 +/- 3.3 kcal/day, representing 74 and 80% of infused calories. Recovery of food intake to previous saline baseline levels was rapid and complete after the glucose and amino acid infusions but was delayed and incomplete after the lipid and intravenous diet conditions. These results indicate that infused amino acids or a balanced intravenous diet is more effective than glucose or fats in inhibiting daily food intake.

Limits to sustained energy intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (11) ◽  
pp. 1947-1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Johnson ◽  
S. C. Thomson ◽  
J. R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Mass ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARYTo determine whether mice were limited in their capacity to absorb energy during late lactation, we attempted to increase the energy burden experienced by a group of female mice during late lactation by mating them at the postpartum oestrus, hence combining the energy demands of pregnancy and lactation. These experimental mice were therefore concurrently pregnant and lactating in their first lactation, and were followed through a normal second lactation. In a control group, females also underwent two lactations but sequentially, with the second mating after the first litter had been weaned. Maternal mass and food intake were measured throughout the first lactation, second pregnancy and second lactation. Maternal resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured prior to the first mating and then at the peak of both the first and second lactations. Litter size and litter mass were also measured throughout both lactations. In the first lactation, experimental mice had a lower mass-independent RMR (F1,88=5.15, P=0.026) and raised significantly heavier pups (t=2.77, d.f.=32, P=0.0093) than the control mice. Experimental mice delayed implantation at the start of the second pregnancy. The extent of the delay was positively related to litter size during the first lactation (F1,19=4.58, P=0.046) and negatively related to mean pup mass (F1,19=5.78, P=0.027) in the first lactation. In the second lactation, the experimental mice gave birth to more (t=2.75, d.f.=38, P=0.0092) and lighter (t=−5.01, d.f.=38, P<0.0001) pups than did the controls in their second lactation. Maternal asymptotic daily food intake of control mice in the second lactation was significantly higher (t=−4.39, d.f.=37, P=0.0001) than that of the experimental mice and higher than that of controls during their first lactation. Despite the added burden on the experimental females during their first lactation, there was no increase in their food intake, which suggested that they might be limited by their capacity to absorb energy. However, control females appeared to be capable of increasing their asymptotic food intake beyond the supposed limits estimated previously, suggesting that the previously established limit was not a fixed central limitation on food intake. As RMR increased in parallel with the increase in food intake during the second lactation of control mice, the sustained energy intake remained at around 7.0×RMR.

scholarly journals A Study of the Nutritional Behavior and Body Mass Indexes for Students of Age (17-25) Years In Baghdad, Iraq.

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-487
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Nutritional Behavior ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Personal Meeting

The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status for samples at the age of 17-15 years. These samples were taken from secondary schools and universities in Baghdad area, 123 of them were male and 261 were female. Data on weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were determined in each individual. Smaller sample of 215 individuals (male and female) from the original sample was taken in order to record their nutritional behavior and daily food intake during the 24 hours prior to the visit through personal meeting using special questionnaire. The results showed that the weight and the height were within the range of the people of neighboring Arab countries, who are in the same age. Beside 44.4- 55.95% of these samples were within the normal weight using body mass index. Percentages of obesity and overweight were between 43.5- 6.5% for male and female respectively. There was an increase in daily food intake in general for essential diet and energy indeed, as recorded in nutritional behavior. 67% of samples have their breakfast every day. There were 51% of the samples having snacks (additional meal) between the major meals everyday and 62% have beverages every day. Also high percentage of samples were having milk and its products, vegetables, fruits (as nutritional sources) every day and the percentages were 47%, 67%, 78% respectively. In general their nutritional behavior and daily food intake were within the limits which showed by American recommended daily dietary, still there was some incorrect nutritional behavior which need more education and learning about nutrition.

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