Relation of olfactory acuity to nasal membrane function

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 914-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schneider ◽  
Stewart Wolf

The relationship between olfactory perception threshold and accompanying degrees of nasal obstruction, swelling, color and wetness was studied in eight subjects over a prolonged period. Olfactory acuity was impaired in two situations: a) in the presence of high degrees of nasal obstruction so that relatively little of the odorant-containing air could be brought into the nose, and b) in the absence of obstruction when the mucosa was relatively pale, dry and shrunken. During intermediate degrees of nasal obstruction when substantial amounts of air could be drawn into the nose relatively high degrees of swelling, redness and wetness favored olfactory acuity. Thus smelling was best performed in the presence of a red, swollen, wet mucosa as long as swelling and secretions were not of such a degree as to substantially block air passage. The evidence suggests that contact of odorant with nerve endings is facilitated by the greater warmth and humidifying effect of nasal engorgement during hyperfunction of the ‘air-conditioning’ apparatus of the nose. Submitted on March 14, 1960

Author(s):  
Fremmy Raymond Agustinus

Desain penyejuk udara juga dapat diterapkan di bidang kesehatan, dengan standar Cleanroom dapat diperoleh suhu, kelembaban, kenyamanan dan kebersihan yang dibutuhkan untuk ruang steril (ruang bedah). Perancangan pendingin udara dalam hal ini dilakukan dengan menentukan beban pendinginan yang diperlukan untuk ruang steril (ruang bedah), kemudian menentukan ukuran ducting, jalur ducting, dan jumlah penggunaan ducting. Desain ini menggabungkan unit split saluran yang dimodifikasi, kipas booster, filter pra, filter medium, dan filter HEPA dengan menggunakan saluran aluminium preinsulated sebagai saluran udara. Desain dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak AutoCAD 2012, Design Tools Duct Sizer, dan Microsoft Excel. Dari hasil perhitungan dan desain didapatkan kebutuhan kapasitas 3 ruang bedah yaitu ducted ducted 100.000 BTUH sebanyak 3 unit, booster fan 3.3 - 4 Di WG sebanyak 3 unit, pre filter 24 "x 24" x 2 "6 set, filter menengah 610 x 610 x 290 mm 6 set, dan filter HEPA 1220 x 610 x 70 mm 12. Untuk ruang steril, tekanan statis yang dihasilkan oleh unit pendingin harus lebih besar daripada tekanan statis yang dihasilkan dari unit yang ada. di ruang semi steril. Dengan kata lain, ruang steril harus memiliki tekanan positif terhadap ruang semi steril. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar udara di ruang semi steril tidak masuk ke ruang steril ketika pintu antar ruangan dibuka. Desain dan perhitungan ruang bedah, suhu nyata yang diperoleh adalah 23 ° C ± 2 ° C dan kelembaban relatif yang diperoleh adalah 60% ± 2%.   Air conditioning design can also be applied in the health field, with cleanroom standard can be obtained temperature, humidity, comfort and hygiene needed for sterile room (surgical room). The design of air conditioning in this case is done by determining the cooling load required for the sterile room (surgical room), then determining the ducting size, ducting path, and the amount of ducting usage. This design combines modified ducted split unit, booster fan, pre filter, medium filter, and HEPA filter by using preinsulated aluminum duct as an air passage. The design is done by using AutoCAD 2012 software, Design Tools Duct Sizer, and Microsoft Excel. From the calculation and design result obtained the capacity requirement of 3 surgical room that is split ducted 100.000 BTUH as many as 3 units, booster fan 3.3 - 4 In WG as many as 3 units, pre filter 24"x 24" x 2" 6 sets, medium filter 610 x 610 x 290 mm 6 sets, and HEPA filter 1220 x 610 x 70 mm 12 sets. For the sterile room, the static pressure generated by the cooling unit shall be larger than the static pressure generated from the unit present in the semi sterile room. In other words, the sterile room must have positive pressure to the semi sterile room. It is intended that the air in the semi sterile room does not enter into the sterile room when the door between room opened. In this surgical room design and calculation, real temperature obtained is 23 °C ± 2 °C and the relative moisture obtained is 60% ± 2%.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
Budi Pradono

The interiority of buildings in tropical countries requires specific characteristics unlike those in countries with four distinct seasons. Buildings in non-tropical climates must protect their inhabitants from extreme weather, meaning that the architecture’s connection with nature is necessarily limited by a boundary which can withstand extreme climatic differences. In tropical countries, on the other hand, the temperature does not fluctuate much throughout the year, so the temperature difference between seasons is not extreme. This characteristic is reflected in traditional Nusantara architecture, which incorporates a breathable wall so that free winds come in, reducing heat. The roof is tilted or saddled-shaped to keep rain water away from the building. The architecture uses organic materials and includes terraces for dialogue with nature. Modern Indonesian architecture, however, particularly in large cities, is mostly closed off, severely limiting the interaction with nature. Since the advent of air conditioning (AC) technology during the 1980’s, architecture has changed to seal the boundaries of the building. Advances in information technology such as Internet and smartphones have made for further changes to architecture in the area; some functional spaces are being discarded, while others are expanded. The relationship between architecture and nature is now constrained by impenetrable materials such as brick, concrete and glass, as opposed to the more traditional, permeable boundary. In contrast to this trend, modern Indonesian society is tempted to form a closer relationship with nature. This paper examines how a relationship between nature and the interior of buildings may be accommodated again, presenting some existing projects by several architects from Europe and Asian countries—including the authors’ own work—as case studies.


2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon J. Davies ◽  
Edwina A. Brown ◽  
Werner Reigel ◽  
Elaine Clutterbuck ◽  
Olof Heimbürger ◽  
...  

Background Primary analysis of the European Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Study (EAPOS) found that patients with daily ultrafiltration (UF) below a predefined target of 750 mL at baseline experienced increased mortality and continuing low UF over 2 years. Setting Multicenter, prospective observational study of prevalent, functionally anuric patients on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) treated to predefined standards. Methods Secondary data analysis to determine clinical covariates that might support a link between poor UF and outcome, including pattern of comorbidity, prescription, nutrition as determined by Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), membrane function, and blood pressure (BP). Ultrafiltration was treated as a categorical (comparing patients above and below target at baseline) and continuous dependent variable in univariate and multivariate regression. The relationship between BP and survival was also explored. Results Of 177 patients recruited from 28 centers across Europe, 43 were below the UF target at baseline. Compared to those above target, there were no differences in the spread of comorbidity, type of APD prescription, SGA, BP, hemoglobin, HCO3, or parathyroid hormone, at baseline or at any later time. At baseline, plasma calcium and, at 12 months, plasma phosphate were lower in the low UF group. There was a weak positive correlation between baseline systolic or diastolic BP and UF, which remained on multivariate analysis but accounted for just 9% of the variability in BP. There was no clear relationship between baseline BP and survival, although, if anything, low BP was associated with earlier death. Poor UF was associated with lower mean dialysate glucose concentration during the first 4 months and with consistently worse membrane function. Conclusions The increased mortality associated with poor UF is likely multifactorial and not easily explained by clear differences in comorbidity, nutritional state, or other indices of treatment at baseline. The lower plasma phosphate suggests a subsequent fall in appetite. Poor BP control is unlikely to be the explanation, and a link between lower BP, reduced UF, and earlier death is suggested. Failure to achieve adequate UF due to worse membrane function remains an important and potentially reversible or preventable cause.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun G. Maiya ◽  
Anche Parameshwar ◽  
Manjunath Hande ◽  
Vinayak Nandalike

Foot ulcers, infections, and deformity are some of the major sources of mortality and morbidity among the diabetic population. The relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) has been well established. There is a dearth of literature on the relationship between vibration perception threshold (VPT) and HbA1c values. So, the objective of the study was to determine the strength of linear relationship between HbA1c levels and vibration perception threshold in DPN. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, and diabetic foot screening camps held at various parts of Udupi district. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal (IEC:281/2017). A total of 534 participants ranging from 30 to 70 years of age and were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus on medications were included in the study. Neuropathy assessment consisting of monofilament and vibration perception threshold was done using Neurotouch beta version (Yostra Labs, Bengaluru, India). HbA1c measurement was done using turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay technique (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a moderate to good correlation between HbA1c and VPT ( r = .0.753, P < .001). Linear regression result has shown a significant relationship of VPT with HbA1c (4.033 [95% confidence interval = 3.67-4.39]). The present study has concluded that there is strong relationship between HbA1c values and VPT and could be a predictor for complications in the foot following DPN.


2020 ◽  
pp. 146735842096154
Author(s):  
Rebecca Robbins ◽  
Michael Grandner ◽  
Adam Knowlden ◽  
Kimberly Severt

Introduction Despite the fact that hotels provide a venue for sleeping, there is surprisingly little research that has explored sleep among hotel guests. The aim of this study is to identify the relationship between hotel attributes (e.g., light in the guestroom, bed linens), guest sleep, and overall guest satisfaction. Methods Cross-sectional survey data were obtained from frequent business and leisure travelers (N = 609). Guest sleep satisfaction and overall guest satisfaction were measured on 5-point Likert scales. Participants were asked to report the extent to which hotel attributes (e.g., “Room too light or too dark”) related to their sleep on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). We used ordinal logistic regression to predict guest sleep and hotel satisfaction using hotel attributes as predictors while controlling for age, sex, and relationship status. Results Hotel guest sleep did not differ between business and leisure travelers. Hotel guest sleep was inversely associated with “uncomfortable bed linen,” “uncomfortable pillows,” and “sound from the air conditioning unit or heater.” Regression revealed that sleep satisfaction was a strong predictor of overall hotel satisfaction. Conclusions Our study suggests that guest sleep is be a critical component of the guest satisfaction equation. Importantly, our study illuminated the hotel attributes that offer the biggest contribution to hotel guest sleep and the specific steps for improving guest sleep.


2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P166-P166
Author(s):  
Thomas Kjaergaard ◽  
Milada Småstuen Cvancarova ◽  
Sverre Steinsvåg

Objectives To what extent a sense of nasal obstruction correlates with objective measures for nasal space and air flow is still a matter of controversy. Knowledge about this is important in the evaluation of nasal complaints and the planning of treatment. The primary objectives of our study were to evaluate the relationship between subjective nasal blockage and 1) acoustic rhinometry (AR), and 2) Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow (PNIF). Methods 2341 consecutive patients referred to ENT specialist for evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, or nose-related complaints were included in this cross-sectional study. Subjects underwent AR and nasal flow measurements (PNIF). Subjective grading of nasal obstruction was obtained by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Associations between VAS recordings and measurements of PNIF and AR were evaluated with multivariate analysis using linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, asthma, allergy and smoking history. The study was conducted in the period 2005–2007. Results The sense of nasal obstruction was correlated to volumes in both anterior and middle segments of the nasal cavities (p<0,001), to minimal cross-sectional areas in middle segments, and for the nasal airway as a whole (p<0,001) and to PNIF (p<0,001). Conclusions The present study indicates that there are significant correlations between the subjective sensation of nasal obstruction and the corresponding measures for space and air flow. We conclude that AR and PNIF are valuable objective investigational tools correlating well with the sensation of nasal obstruction.


1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Elsherif ◽  
Sayed Naser Hussein

Patients with nasal obstruction often have associated snoring. It is uncertain whether surgery, which relieves the nasal obstruction, will also relieve the snoring. We have reviewed 96 patients who complain of both nasal obstruction and snoring and who underwent nasal surgery. Snoring was completely relieved in 48 patients (50%), was less loud in a further 38 patients (40%), unchanged in 8 patients, and louder in 2. Patients who had nasal polypectomy as part of their nasal surgery obtained the greatest snoring relief. The relationship between nasal obstruction and snoring is complex and the alteration of airflow patterns after nasal surgery is postulated to be important in influencing snoring relief. This study suggests that, when snoring and nasal obstruction coexist, nasal surgery should be considered as the first line of surgical treatment.


2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. e127-e130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Zicari ◽  
Francesca Occasi ◽  
Azzurra Cesoni Marcelli ◽  
Valeria Lollobrigida ◽  
Maria Palma Carbone ◽  
...  

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