Body composition at sea level and high altitudes

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. PicÓn-Reátegui ◽  
Rodolfo Lozano ◽  
José Valdivieso
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Total Body

Simultaneous determinations of total body water and extracellular fluid, using the antipyrine and sucrose infusion methods, have been carried out in 28 adult male residents at sea level and in 28 residents at an altitude of 14,900 ft. Body composition was calculated from these data. The various body spaces, expressed in percentage of body weight, were similar in the two groups, with the exception of the extracellular fluid which was greater in those in the high altitude group ( P < 0.01). Neither racial characteristics nor altitude appear to be factors generally affecting body composition. In individuals having adequate caloric intake body composition seems to be influenced principally by physical activity. In fact, physical inactivity appeared to produce a loss of active tissue and its replacement by fat. Submitted on November 2, 1960

HEMATOLOGICAL AND BODY FLUID ADJUSTMENTS DURING ACCLIMATION TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Deb ◽  
J. S. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Absolute Basis

Body fluid volumes and hematological values have been compared in rats exposed to 6 °C. for various periods of time and in rats at 30 °C. for comparable periods. Absolute blood and plasma volumes (T1824 space) decreased with time of exposure to 30 °C, while extracellular fluid volume (sodium space), total body water, and body weight increased. Rats transferred from the warm to the cold environment had larger plasma and blood volumes than those of rats at 30 °C. after the first week of exposure. After five weeks, blood volume was 22% greater on an absolute basis and 30% greater relative to total body water than that of the larger rats at 30 °C. There were no differences in extracellular fluid volumes between warm and cold exposed rats at comparable intervals. Total water and intracellular water tended to be greater in rats at 30 °C. on an absolute basis but they were much greater per unit body weight in rats at 6 °C. No differences were observed in red blood cell counts, in hemoglobin concentration, or in plasma specific gravity between warm and cold exposed rats, but there was an increased hematocrit, increased corpuscular volume, and decreased corpuscular hemoglobin content in rats kept at 6 °C. Hemoglobin, red cells, and plasma specific gravity increased with time in both groups.

Seasonal changes in total body water, extracellular fluid, and blood volume in grazing reindeer

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Cameron ◽  
J. R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Sodium Chromate ◽  
Total Body

The effects of climatic and nutritional changes on body fluid compartmentalization and turnover were investigated in grazing female reindeer. Total body water volume and turnover, extracellular fluid volume, and blood volume were estimated using tritiated water, sodium sulfate-35S, and sodium chromate-51Cr, respectively. During winter and spring, body weights were either maintained or reduced while total body water (percentage of body weight) increased, resulting in appreciable losses of total body solids. In summer, large gains in body weight were accompanied by reduced total body water volumes resulting in substantial increases in body solids. An apparent fluid shift from the intravascular to the extracellular compartment during late spring suggested the occurrence of a starvation edema. Mean water flux rates (ml/day per kilogram body weight) were higher in late spring than during other seasons; lowest values were recorded in early winter. Seasonal variations in nutritional status as reflected by body composition and fluid compartmentalization, and changes in water turnover are discussed in relation to climate and the quality and availability of forage. The complicating influences of pregnancy and lactation are also considered.

Comparison of two methods of assessing total body water at sea level and increasing high altitude

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 478-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Boos ◽  
D. A. Holdsworth ◽  
D. P. Hall ◽  
A. Mellor ◽  
J. O'Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Body

A Method of Prediction of Age of Menarche From Height and Weight at Ages 9 Through 13 Years

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-390
Author(s):  
Rose E. Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Age Of Menarche

A method of prediction of age of menarche from the height and weight of a girl at each age from 9 through 13 years using quartiles of total body water as percent of body weight, an indicator of body composition, particularly fatness, at each age is presented. A similar method to predict age of initiation of the adolescent growth spurt from the height and weight of a girl at age 8 years is also given. Comparison of the results with prediction by other methods supports the idea that the ratio of lean body weight to fat and the metabolic rate per kilogram are important for the determination of sexual maturation. The time difference between actual and predicted age of menarche was six months or less for 59% of the subjects at age 12, 53% at age 11, 48% at age 10, and 47% at age 9.

HEMATOLOGICAL AND BODY FLUID ADJUSTMENTS DURING ACCLIMATION TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Deb ◽  
J. S. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Absolute Basis

Body fluid volumes and hematological values have been compared in rats exposed to 6 °C. for various periods of time and in rats at 30 °C. for comparable periods. Absolute blood and plasma volumes (T1824 space) decreased with time of exposure to 30 °C, while extracellular fluid volume (sodium space), total body water, and body weight increased. Rats transferred from the warm to the cold environment had larger plasma and blood volumes than those of rats at 30 °C. after the first week of exposure. After five weeks, blood volume was 22% greater on an absolute basis and 30% greater relative to total body water than that of the larger rats at 30 °C. There were no differences in extracellular fluid volumes between warm and cold exposed rats at comparable intervals. Total water and intracellular water tended to be greater in rats at 30 °C. on an absolute basis but they were much greater per unit body weight in rats at 6 °C. No differences were observed in red blood cell counts, in hemoglobin concentration, or in plasma specific gravity between warm and cold exposed rats, but there was an increased hematocrit, increased corpuscular volume, and decreased corpuscular hemoglobin content in rats kept at 6 °C. Hemoglobin, red cells, and plasma specific gravity increased with time in both groups.

scholarly journals Effects of a 14-Day Hydration Intervention on Individuals with Habitually Low Fluid Intake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron R. Caldwell ◽  
Megan E. Rosa-Caldwell ◽  
Carson Keeter ◽  
Evan C. Johnson ◽  
François Péronnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intervention Phase ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Experimental Group

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Debate continues over whether or not individuals with low total water intake (TWI) are in a chronic fluid deficit (i.e., low total body water) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]. When women with habitually low TWI (1.6 ± 0.5 L/day) increased their fluid intake (3.5 ± 0.1 L/day) for 4 days 24-h urine osmolality decreased, but there was no change in body weight, a proxy for total body water (TBW) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>]. In a small (<i>n</i> = 5) study of adult men, there were no observable changes in TBW, as measured by bioelectrical impedance, after increasing TWI for 4 weeks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]. However, body weight increased and salivary osmolality decreased indicating that the study may have been underpowered to detect changes in TBW. Further, no studies to date have measured changes in blood volume (BV) when TWI is increased. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify individuals with habitually low fluid intake and determine if increasing TWI, for 14 days, resulted in changes in TBW or BV. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In order to identify individuals with low TWI, 889 healthy adults were screened. Participants with a self-reported TWI less than 1.8 L/day (men) or 1.2 L/day (women), and a 24-h urine osmolality greater than 800 mOsm were included in the intervention phase of the study. For the intervention phase, 15 participants were assigned to the experimental group and 8 participants were assigned to the control group. The intervention period lasted for 14 days and consisted of 2 visits to our laboratory: one before the intervention (baseline) and 14 days into the intervention (14-day follow-up). At these visits, BV was measured using a CO-rebreathe procedure and deuterium oxide (D<sub>2</sub>O) was administered to measure TBW. Urine samples were collected immediately prior, and 3–8 h after the D<sub>2</sub>O dose to allow for equilibration. Prior to each visit, participants collected 24-h urine to measure 24-h hydration status. After the baseline visit, the experimental group increased their TWI to 3.7 L for males and 2.7 L for females in order to meet the current Institute of Medicine recommendations for TWI. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty-four-hour urine osmolality decreased (−438.7 ± 362.1 mOsm; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) and urine volume increased (1,526 ± 869 mL; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) in the experimental group from baseline, while there were no differences in osmolality (−74.7 ± 572 mOsm; <i>p</i> = 0.45), or urine volume (−32 ± 1,376 mL; <i>p</i> = 0.89) in the control group. However, there were no changes in BV (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>a) or changes in TBW (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>b) in either group. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Increasing fluid intake in individuals with habitually low TWI increases 24-h urine volume and decreases urine osmolality but does not result in changes in TBW or BV. These findings are in agreement with previous work indicating that TWI interventions lasting 3 days [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] to 4 weeks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>] do not result in changes in TBW. Current evidence would suggest that the benefits of increasing TWI are not related changes in TBW.

Nicotine's effects on female rats' body weight: Caloric intake and physical activity

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1131-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah J. Bowen ◽  
Sharon E. Eury ◽  
Neil E. Grunberg
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Female Rats

scholarly journals Předsoutěžní redukce tělesné hmotnosti a její vliv na tělesné složení

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Klára Coufalová ◽  
Ivana Kinkorová ◽  
Lucia Malá ◽  
Jan Heller
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Body Weight Reduction ◽  
Multifrequency Bioimpedance ◽  
Total Body

The aim of our study was to monitor changes in individual components of body composition due to reduction in body weight in judo. This precontest weight reduction is very common in combat sports and it can have negative impact not only on performance but also on health. Research group consisted of 11 judoists at the age of 17-27 years belonging to the representation of the Czech Republic. The measurement of body composition had two parts; the first was before body weight reduction and the second part at the end of body weight reduction. For the measurement of body composition we used multifrequency bioimpedance analyzer BIA 2000 - M. The results of our study show that rapid intensive weight reduction is reflected in varying degrees in all parameters of body composition. We noticed a reduction of body weight by an average of 4.7% (approximately 3.8 kg), the weight loss ranged from 1.6 kg to 8.1 kg. The greatest changes in the parameters of body composition were detected in the extracellular water (ECW), there was a decrease of this parameter on average by 13.8 %, while total body water (TBW) decreased by 6.0 %. There was also a reduction in the amount of body fat by 13.2 %, the amount of extracellular mass (ECM) decreased by 9.8 %, the ratio of ECM/BCM by 8.9 % and the amount of fat-free mass (FFM) decreased by 4.0 %. Only in intracellular water (ICW), we noticed a slight increase by 1.4 %, which may be due to the redistribution of body fluids. Changes of particular parameters of body composition were statistically and substantively significant.

Estimation of water content by tritium dilution of animals subjected to rapid live-weight changes

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. McManus ◽  
R. K. Prichard ◽  
Carolyn Baker ◽  
M. V. Petruchenia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe use of tritiated water to estimate total body-water content of animals experiencing recovery from under-nutrition was studied.The time for equilibration of tritiated water (TOH), given intraperitoneally, with total body water (TBW) was determined in rabbits and in rats. As judged by the specific activity of blood water, equilibration had occurred by 76–125 min in the rabbit and did not appear to be affected by the plane of nutrition. However, between slaughter groups the specific activity of water obtained from the liver 180 min after injection of TOH was significantly different from the specific activity of water simultaneously obtained from the blood plasma. It is concluded that the liver is not a suitable tissue to use for testing achievement of equilibration.As judged by the specific activity of blood water compared to that of water from the whole body macerate, equilibration in mature rats either in stable body condition or undergoing rapid compensatory growth occurred in less than 60 min.A trial comparing TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) and actual TBW (by desiccation) was conducted on thirty rabbits which experienced under-nutrition followed by compensatory growth.Prior to under-nutrition the agreement between actual and estimated TBW was satisfactory and within 2·3%. During compensatory growth the agreement was poor— the TOH values over-estimating actual TBW by about 12%.A trial with mature rats confirmed the findings with rabbits. For rats in stable body weight the mean estimated TOH-space for fourteen animals was within 1·2% of the actual TBW. For fourteen rats undergoing compensatory growth the mean estimated TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) overestimated actual TBW by 6·2%.

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