HEMATOLOGICAL AND BODY FLUID ADJUSTMENTS DURING ACCLIMATION TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Deb ◽  
J. S. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Absolute Basis

Body fluid volumes and hematological values have been compared in rats exposed to 6 °C. for various periods of time and in rats at 30 °C. for comparable periods. Absolute blood and plasma volumes (T1824 space) decreased with time of exposure to 30 °C, while extracellular fluid volume (sodium space), total body water, and body weight increased. Rats transferred from the warm to the cold environment had larger plasma and blood volumes than those of rats at 30 °C. after the first week of exposure. After five weeks, blood volume was 22% greater on an absolute basis and 30% greater relative to total body water than that of the larger rats at 30 °C. There were no differences in extracellular fluid volumes between warm and cold exposed rats at comparable intervals. Total water and intracellular water tended to be greater in rats at 30 °C. on an absolute basis but they were much greater per unit body weight in rats at 6 °C. No differences were observed in red blood cell counts, in hemoglobin concentration, or in plasma specific gravity between warm and cold exposed rats, but there was an increased hematocrit, increased corpuscular volume, and decreased corpuscular hemoglobin content in rats kept at 6 °C. Hemoglobin, red cells, and plasma specific gravity increased with time in both groups.

HEMATOLOGICAL AND BODY FLUID ADJUSTMENTS DURING ACCLIMATION TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Deb ◽  
J. S. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Absolute Basis

Body fluid volumes and hematological values have been compared in rats exposed to 6 °C. for various periods of time and in rats at 30 °C. for comparable periods. Absolute blood and plasma volumes (T1824 space) decreased with time of exposure to 30 °C, while extracellular fluid volume (sodium space), total body water, and body weight increased. Rats transferred from the warm to the cold environment had larger plasma and blood volumes than those of rats at 30 °C. after the first week of exposure. After five weeks, blood volume was 22% greater on an absolute basis and 30% greater relative to total body water than that of the larger rats at 30 °C. There were no differences in extracellular fluid volumes between warm and cold exposed rats at comparable intervals. Total water and intracellular water tended to be greater in rats at 30 °C. on an absolute basis but they were much greater per unit body weight in rats at 6 °C. No differences were observed in red blood cell counts, in hemoglobin concentration, or in plasma specific gravity between warm and cold exposed rats, but there was an increased hematocrit, increased corpuscular volume, and decreased corpuscular hemoglobin content in rats kept at 6 °C. Hemoglobin, red cells, and plasma specific gravity increased with time in both groups.

Some biochemical and physiological features of normal monkeys (Macaca radiata)

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1231-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Srikantia ◽  
C. Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Sodium Thiocyanate ◽  
Macaca Radiata ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Total Body

Determinations of body-fluid spaces with antipyrine for total-body water and sodium thiocyanate for extracellular fluid volume, hematological indices, and several serum constituents in about 500 Macaca radiata monkeys revealed that most of the values obtained were very similar to values obtained in man. body fluid spaces; hematology Submitted on April 22, 1963

Seasonal changes in total body water, extracellular fluid, and blood volume in grazing reindeer

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Cameron ◽  
J. R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Sodium Chromate ◽  
Total Body

The effects of climatic and nutritional changes on body fluid compartmentalization and turnover were investigated in grazing female reindeer. Total body water volume and turnover, extracellular fluid volume, and blood volume were estimated using tritiated water, sodium sulfate-35S, and sodium chromate-51Cr, respectively. During winter and spring, body weights were either maintained or reduced while total body water (percentage of body weight) increased, resulting in appreciable losses of total body solids. In summer, large gains in body weight were accompanied by reduced total body water volumes resulting in substantial increases in body solids. An apparent fluid shift from the intravascular to the extracellular compartment during late spring suggested the occurrence of a starvation edema. Mean water flux rates (ml/day per kilogram body weight) were higher in late spring than during other seasons; lowest values were recorded in early winter. Seasonal variations in nutritional status as reflected by body composition and fluid compartmentalization, and changes in water turnover are discussed in relation to climate and the quality and availability of forage. The complicating influences of pregnancy and lactation are also considered.

Body Fluid Spaces in Patients on CAPD

1984 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Panzetta ◽  
U. Guerra ◽  
A. D'angelo ◽  
S. Sandrini ◽  
A. Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Extracellular Water ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were determined in 9 CAPD patients on treatment from 5 to 14 months (mean 8.6 months). The mean value of TBW was normal and directly correlated to body weight, but TBW was abnormally distributed between extracellular and intracellular space. ECW volume was significantly lower than the predicted value (12.1 ± 1.4 I versus 16.8 ± 1.9 I) and out of proportion to TBW (34.8 ± 3.9% versus 47.8 ± 1.5%). The calculated ICW, therefore, appeared clearly hyperexpanded. The data suggest that cell overhydration was the distinctive feature in our CAPD patients.

Body-Fluid Composition in Normal and Hypertensive Man

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Bauer ◽  
C. S. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Normotensive Control

1. Erythrocyte mass, plasma volume (PV), extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and total body water were simultaneously measured in 30 normotensive and 30 normal-renin hypertensive Caucasian male subjects for accurate determination of the presence or absence of a disorder(s) in body-fluid composition in hypertension. 2. The results indicate that plasma volume and total blood volume are lower in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive control subjects. The PV comprised 19% of the ECFV in both control and hypertensive subjects. 3. ECFV was lower in hypertensive subjects than in normotensive control subjects; the PV and interstitial fluid components of the ECFV were reduced by similar proportions. The ECFV, furthermore, comprised a smaller portion of the total body water in hypertensive subjects than that in control subjects. 4. We conclude that in the hypertensive state there is a reduction in the ECFV, but that there is no change in the partition of the ECFV between the plasma and interstitial components.

Preoptic recess lesions, body fluid compartments, and the renin-aldosterone system

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (6) ◽  
pp. R901-R905 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Bealer ◽  
E. G. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Volume Depletion ◽  
Total Body

The effects of electrolytic ablation of the periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) of the rat brain on body fluid distribution and the renin-aldosterone system were determined. Rats underwent either ablation of AV3V periventricular tissue or control surgeries. After recovery, animals were implanted with femoral arterial and jugular venous catheters, and sodium space and plasma volume were measured by calculating the dilution of intravenous injections of 22Na- and 125I-labeled serum albumin, respectively. Total body water was determined in separate groups of rats by desiccation. Other animals with AV3V lesions and control rats were used to measure urinary sodium excretion and plasma renin (Prenin) and aldosterone (Paldo) concentrations while volume replete and after volume depletion. Animals with AV3V lesions had expanded extracellular fluid volume and decreased plasma volume, but total body water was comparable with control-operated rats. Volume-replete and volume-depleted rats with AV3V lesions had significantly higher Prenin than control animals in similar volume states. Although Paldo was not different between groups in the volume-replete state, it was significantly greater in rats with AV3V lesions than in control animals after volume depletion. These data demonstrate that AV3V periventricular ablation results in chronic alterations in the normal body fluid distribution but does not diminish the rats' ability to increase Prenin and Paldo or decrease sodium excretion during volume depletion.

scholarly journals Effects of a 14-Day Hydration Intervention on Individuals with Habitually Low Fluid Intake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron R. Caldwell ◽  
Megan E. Rosa-Caldwell ◽  
Carson Keeter ◽  
Evan C. Johnson ◽  
François Péronnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intervention Phase ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Experimental Group

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Debate continues over whether or not individuals with low total water intake (TWI) are in a chronic fluid deficit (i.e., low total body water) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>]. When women with habitually low TWI (1.6 ± 0.5 L/day) increased their fluid intake (3.5 ± 0.1 L/day) for 4 days 24-h urine osmolality decreased, but there was no change in body weight, a proxy for total body water (TBW) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>]. In a small (<i>n</i> = 5) study of adult men, there were no observable changes in TBW, as measured by bioelectrical impedance, after increasing TWI for 4 weeks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]. However, body weight increased and salivary osmolality decreased indicating that the study may have been underpowered to detect changes in TBW. Further, no studies to date have measured changes in blood volume (BV) when TWI is increased. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify individuals with habitually low fluid intake and determine if increasing TWI, for 14 days, resulted in changes in TBW or BV. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In order to identify individuals with low TWI, 889 healthy adults were screened. Participants with a self-reported TWI less than 1.8 L/day (men) or 1.2 L/day (women), and a 24-h urine osmolality greater than 800 mOsm were included in the intervention phase of the study. For the intervention phase, 15 participants were assigned to the experimental group and 8 participants were assigned to the control group. The intervention period lasted for 14 days and consisted of 2 visits to our laboratory: one before the intervention (baseline) and 14 days into the intervention (14-day follow-up). At these visits, BV was measured using a CO-rebreathe procedure and deuterium oxide (D<sub>2</sub>O) was administered to measure TBW. Urine samples were collected immediately prior, and 3–8 h after the D<sub>2</sub>O dose to allow for equilibration. Prior to each visit, participants collected 24-h urine to measure 24-h hydration status. After the baseline visit, the experimental group increased their TWI to 3.7 L for males and 2.7 L for females in order to meet the current Institute of Medicine recommendations for TWI. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty-four-hour urine osmolality decreased (−438.7 ± 362.1 mOsm; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) and urine volume increased (1,526 ± 869 mL; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001) in the experimental group from baseline, while there were no differences in osmolality (−74.7 ± 572 mOsm; <i>p</i> = 0.45), or urine volume (−32 ± 1,376 mL; <i>p</i> = 0.89) in the control group. However, there were no changes in BV (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>a) or changes in TBW (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>b) in either group. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Increasing fluid intake in individuals with habitually low TWI increases 24-h urine volume and decreases urine osmolality but does not result in changes in TBW or BV. These findings are in agreement with previous work indicating that TWI interventions lasting 3 days [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] to 4 weeks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>] do not result in changes in TBW. Current evidence would suggest that the benefits of increasing TWI are not related changes in TBW.

Estimation of water content by tritium dilution of animals subjected to rapid live-weight changes

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. McManus ◽  
R. K. Prichard ◽  
Carolyn Baker ◽  
M. V. Petruchenia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe use of tritiated water to estimate total body-water content of animals experiencing recovery from under-nutrition was studied.The time for equilibration of tritiated water (TOH), given intraperitoneally, with total body water (TBW) was determined in rabbits and in rats. As judged by the specific activity of blood water, equilibration had occurred by 76–125 min in the rabbit and did not appear to be affected by the plane of nutrition. However, between slaughter groups the specific activity of water obtained from the liver 180 min after injection of TOH was significantly different from the specific activity of water simultaneously obtained from the blood plasma. It is concluded that the liver is not a suitable tissue to use for testing achievement of equilibration.As judged by the specific activity of blood water compared to that of water from the whole body macerate, equilibration in mature rats either in stable body condition or undergoing rapid compensatory growth occurred in less than 60 min.A trial comparing TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) and actual TBW (by desiccation) was conducted on thirty rabbits which experienced under-nutrition followed by compensatory growth.Prior to under-nutrition the agreement between actual and estimated TBW was satisfactory and within 2·3%. During compensatory growth the agreement was poor— the TOH values over-estimating actual TBW by about 12%.A trial with mature rats confirmed the findings with rabbits. For rats in stable body weight the mean estimated TOH-space for fourteen animals was within 1·2% of the actual TBW. For fourteen rats undergoing compensatory growth the mean estimated TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) overestimated actual TBW by 6·2%.

scholarly journals Adaptation and Validation of the Hydration Status Questionnaire in a Spanish Adolescent-Young Population: A Cross Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Laja García ◽  
Maria de Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken ◽  
Teresa Partearroyo ◽  
Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Adequate Hydration ◽  
Total Body

The achievement of adequate hydration status is essential for mental and physical performance and for health in general, especially in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, little is known about hydration status of this population, mainly due to the limited availability of research tools; thus, the objective of the current study was to adapt and validate our hydration status questionnaire in a Spanish adolescent-young population. The questionnaire was validated against important hydration markers: urine colour, urine specific gravity, haemoglobin, haematocrit and total body water and involved 128 subjects aged between 12–17 years. Water intake was also estimated through a three-day dietary record and physical activity was assessed through accelerometers. Participants completed the questionnaire twice. Water balance and water intake were correlated with urine specific gravity and with total body water content. Water intake obtained by the questionnaire was correlated with results from the three-day dietary record. The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated moderate concordance between both recordings and the Cronbach’s alpha revealed high consistency. The Bland and Altman method indicated that the limits of agreement were acceptable to reveal the reliability of the estimated measures. In conclusion, this is the first time that a questionnaire is valid and reliable to estimate hydration status of adolescent-young populations.

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