"Closing volume" changes in alloxan-induced pulmonary edema in anesthetized dogs

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lemen ◽  
J. G. Jones ◽  
P. D. Graf ◽  
G. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Closing Volume ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Alveolar Plateau ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

“Closing volume” (CV) was measured by the single-breath oxygen (SBO2) test in six dogs (alloxan group) before and after alloxan 100–200 mg/kg iv) was injected. CV increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 32 +/- 3.2% (base line) to 45 +/- 3.5 % in period 1 (0–30 min after alloxan), but vital capacity (VC), respiratory system pressure volume (PV) curves, and alveolar plateau slopes did not change. No radiologic evidence of pulmonary edema was demonstrated in two dogs studied in period 1. CV decreased to 20 +/- 3.9% during period 2 (30–80 min after alloxan) and was associated with tracheal frothing, decreased VC, changes in the PV curve, and alveolar plateau slope, as well as histologic evidence of severe pulmonary edema. CV was 29 +/- 3.0%, and there were no changes in VC, PV curves, or alveolar plateau slopes in 6 other dogs studied for 2 h (control group). CV increased during period 1 before pulmonary edema could be demonstrated by changes in VC, PV curves, or radiography, but in period 2 lung function was so altered that CV by the SBO2 technique gave no useful information.

Effect of cyclooxygenase blockade on gas exchange and hemodynamics in Pseudomonas pneumonia

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1829-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hanly ◽  
A. Sienko ◽  
R. B. Light
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Flow ◽  
Thromboxane A2 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Pulmonary Shunt ◽  
Radioactive Microspheres ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Consequent Improvement

Acute bilateral Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia was induced in 10 anesthetized dogs, after which five dogs received intravenous indomethacin (2 mg/kg) (indomethacin group), whereas five others were infused with saline (2 ml/kg) (control group). Plasma levels of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha(6-keto-PGF1 alpha) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2), stable metabolites of prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2), respectively, were measured by radioimmunoassay. Although TxB2 levels were not different before and after inoculation in either group, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels increased from their base-line value in each animal as pneumonia developed (indomethacin group: less than 100 to 330 +/- 90 pg/ml; control group: less than 100 to 630 +/- 300 pg/ml). Both prostaglandins fell to less than 100 pg/ml in each dog after indomethacin infusion, whereas they remained elevated in the control group after infusion of normal saline. Perfusion of consolidated lung regions (Qp/QT), measured with radioactive microspheres and expressed as a percent of total pulmonary blood flow, was dramatically reduced after indomethacin (35 +/- 3 to 16 +/- 1%) with consequent improvement in pulmonary shunt (Qs/QT: 30 +/- 8 to 18 +/- 6%) and arterial O2 tension (PaO2: 123 +/- 25 to 274 +/- 77 Torr). These parameters remained unchanged or deteriorated further in the control group after infusion of saline. Three additional dogs with Pseudomonas pneumonia were studied in which the indomethacin-induced reduction in Qp/QT was substantially but not completely reversed by intravenous infusion of PGI2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Melatonin Improves Erythropoietin Hyporesponsiveness via Suppression of Inflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Evan Noori Hameed ◽  
Haydar F. Hadi AL Tukmagi ◽  
Hayder Ch Assad Allami
Keyword(s):  
Iron Status ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study

Background: Inadequate response to Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESA) despite using relatively larger doses regimen represents a potential risk factor of Cardiovascular (CV) related mortality in addition to health-care economic problems in anemic patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Erythropoietin (EPO) hyporesponsiveness related to inflammation has been increased progressively. Melatonin is well known as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate whether melatonin could improve anemic patients response to EPO. Methods: This single controlled clinical study was carried out in 41 CKD patients with hemoglobin (Hb) levels less than 11g/dl divided randomly in a 1:1 ratio into 2 groups; treatment group who received 5mg melatonin plus their regular treatments and control group who received their regular treatments only. Hematological and iron status parameters include Hb level, serum iron (S. iron), Transferrin Saturation Ratio (TSAT) and serum ferritin (S. ferritin) in addition to inflammatory parameters that include tissue necrotic factor alfa (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) determined before and after 12 weeks of treatment. Results: Melatonin remarkably increases the Hb level with a significant increase in S. iron and TSAT compared to baseline. The elevation of S. iron and TSAT was significantly higher in the melatonin group. Additionally, all inflammatory markers estimated were reduced significantly by melatonin compared to base line and control group. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that melatonin has an advantageous effect on improving EPO response in anemic patients with CKD.

Effect of pacing on oxygen supply-to-consumption ratio in ischemic myocardium

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (2) ◽  
pp. H249-H254
Author(s):  
G. J. Grover ◽  
H. R. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Base Line ◽  
Atrial Pacing ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Consumption Ratio ◽  
Ischemic Region ◽  
Line Flow ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
O2 Supply ◽  
Partially Occluded

This study was performed to determine if the partially occluded myocardium could maintain its O2 supply-to-consumption ratio during atrial pacing. In 14 open-chest anesthetized dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded to 50% of base-line flow, and in half of the dogs the hearts were paced to 50% above base-line heart rate. Blood flows were determined by use of microspheres before and after occlusion, and O2 supply-consumption variables were determined by use of microspectrophotometry. After occlusion in control and paced groups, blood flow was depressed in the ischemic region compared with the nonischemic region. In paced animals, blood flows in all regions were significantly higher compared with their respective values in nonpaced animals. After pacing, mean O2 consumption was 34% higher (53% in the occluded region) compared with control animals. The O2 supply-to-consumption ratio was similar in the occluded region of paced animals compared with the same region in controls. This ratio was lower in ischemic regions of both groups compared with their respective nonischemic regions. This indicates that, despite a reduced O2 supply-to-consumption ratio in the ischemic area, an unutilized reserve of flow exists.

Transmural metabolic gradients in the normal dog left ventricle: effect of right atrial pacing

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. H217-H221 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Allison ◽  
J. W. Holsinger
Keyword(s):  
Right Atrial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Atrial Pacing ◽  
Stroke Work ◽  
Ischemic Insult ◽  
Circumflex Artery ◽  
Heart Work ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
The Right

The effects of atrial pacing on tissue metabolite levels known to be sensitive to ischemia were examined. Anesthetized dogs were thoracotomized and a pacing electrode was sutured to the right atrium. Pacing at rates of 200 or 250 beats/min (10 animals per group) was performed for 15 min after base-line hemodynamic data had been obtained. At the end of the pacing period, a transmural biopsy was taken, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and sectioned into subepicardial, midmyocardial, and subendocardial layers. ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and glycogen were extracted and analyzed. Significant (P less than 0.001) transmural gradients of each of these metabolites existed in the control group. Pacing had no significant (P greater than 0.2) effect on any metabolite from layer to layer at 200 or 250 beats/min. However, indices of heart work (i.e., contractility (dP/dt), stroke work, and stroke volume) demonstrated significant reductions (P less than 0.01) due to pacing, while circumflex artery blood flow increased more than twofold (P less than 0.001) at the highest rate. These data suggest that physiologic autoregulation occurred during pacing and protected the subendocardium from stress-induced ischemic insult.

Display of the alveolar plateau of single-breath tests in "dilution index" format

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1699-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Van Liew ◽  
R. K. Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Closing Volume ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Breath Tests ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Alveolar Plateau ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Young Subjects

In 1949, Fowler (J. Appl. Physiol. 2: 283–299) advocated calculation of a "dilution index" from data of the alveolar plateau of single-breath tests; the calculation provides an estimate of the dilution of resident gas in the lung that gave rise to the observed concentrations. In this communication, we show that the calculation can be applied to conventional single-breath tests where O2 is inhaled by air-breathing persons, and we illustrate the principle with vital capacity breaths of a mixture that contained a low concentration of neon. The dilution was approximately 3:1 in young subjects (20–30 yr), as if a vital capacity of 6 liters were mixed with a residual volume of 2 liters. The dilution was less, 2:1, in older subjects (56 yr) and tended to become as low as 1:1 during emptying of the closing volume. In addition to being more informative, the dilution index format allows common sense comparison of alveolar plateau levels and slopes when single-breath tests are done by various methods.

Respiratory effects of brief baroreceptor stimuli in the anesthetized dog

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1258-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Dove ◽  
P. G. Katona
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Stimulus Magnitude ◽  
Carotid Bodies ◽  
Baroreceptor Stimulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Line Pressure ◽  
Alpha Chloralose ◽  
Cardiovascular Variables

To quantify the immediate isocapnic respiratory response to baroreceptor stimulation, pressure in the isolated externally perfused carotid sinuses (CS) of 24 vagotomized alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs was increased selectively during either inspiration or expiration as a step (from time of onset to end of respiratory phase) or a pulse (500 ms). The rise time (150 ms), base-line pressure (80 mmHg), and stimulus magnitude (40 mmHg) were similar for the two stimuli. The time of stimulus onset (delay), expressed as a percent of control time of inspiration (TI) or expiration (TE), was varied. TI, TE, and tidal volume (VT) were expressed as percent changes from control. Stimuli delivered early in inspiration lengthened TI [23.5 +/- 6.4% (SE) for step and 11.7 +/- 6.3% for pulse stimuli at 5% delay] more effectively than late stimuli. VT was essentially unaltered. In contrast, step stimuli delivered during expiration caused a lengthening of TE (32.7 +/- 6.3% at 5% delay) that did not depend on the delay (up to 75%). Very late (85%) pulse stimuli lengthened TE (15.2 +/- 5.7%) more effectively than early stimuli. For both stimuli, the expiratory VT was unaltered. When the responses are compared before and after separation of the blood supply of the carotid bodies from the CS region and when they are compared before and after inhibition of reflex systemic hypotension by ganglionic blockade, the observed responses were shown to be due solely to CS baroreceptor stimulation and not to alterations in carotid body blood flow or reflex changes in systemic cardiovascular variables.

Hypertonic aerosol inhalation does not alter central airway blood flow in dogs

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1990-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Godden ◽  
E. M. Baile ◽  
M. Okazawa ◽  
P. D. Pare
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Aerosol Inhalation ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Flow Changes ◽  
Central Airway

Tracheobronchial blood flow in dogs increases with cold or dry air hyperventilation, possibly as a result of airway drying leading to increased osmolarity of airway surface fluid. This study was designed to examine whether administration of aerosols of various tonicity to alter airway surface fluid osmolarity would induce similar blood flow changes. Tracheobronchial blood flow was measured by the radioactive microsphere technique in six anesthetized dogs ventilated with warm humid air (100% relative humidity) for 15 min (period 1), air containing ultrasonically nebulized saline aerosol (1,711 mosmol/kg) for 3 min (period 2) and 12 min (period 3), and the same aerosol at a higher nebulizer output for a further 3 min (period 4). Between periods 3 and 4, the dogs were ventilated with warm humid air for 30 min to reestablish base-line conditions. In another five dogs, measurements were made after 30 min of ventilation with 1) warm humid air, 2) isotonic saline aerosol, 3) warm humid air, 4) distilled water aerosol (3 dogs), and hypertonic saline aerosol (2 dogs). After the last measurement was made, each dog was killed, the trachea and major bronchi were excised, and blood flow was calculated. No change in blood flow was found during any period of aerosol inhalation. The osmolar load imposed on the airways was estimated and was similar to that occurring during cold or dry air hyperventilation. These data suggest that increasing osmolarity of airway surface fluid does not explain the blood flow changes seen during hyperventilation of cold or dry air.

scholarly journals Differences in post-placental intra uterine device acceptance with and without couples counseling in private practice midwifery clinics, West Denpasar

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Putu Ayu Ratna Darmayanti ◽  
Dewa Nyoman Wirawan ◽  
Komang Ayu Kartika Sari ◽  
Mangku Karmaya ◽  
Ni Luh Putu Suariyani
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Couples Counseling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Placental ◽  
Iud Uptake

Background and purpose: The post-placental intra uterine device (IUD) program is one intervention  to increase IUD uptake however the acceptance remains low. Contraceptive counseling during pregnancy is expected to increase IUD uptake. The primary objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of counseling by involving the husband in order to improve post-placental IUD uptake. The secondary objective is to compare knowledge and perceptions of IUD before and after intervention.Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 58 pregnant women at 37-40 weeks' gestation in three private midwifery clinics in Denpasar, Bali. Subjects were divided into two groups: 29 intervention groups that were given couples counseling and 29 control groups that were given counseling without involving husbands. Base line interview was conducted during enrollment and follow up interview was carried out immediately after delivery.Results: Acceptance of post-placental IUD was found in 21 women (72.41%) in the intervention group and 10 women (34.48%) in the control group (RR=2.2; 95%CI: 1.23-3.84). The mean difference in pretest and post-test scores of knowledge, perceptions of susceptibility and benefits were found to be higher in the intervention group but not statistically significant. The result of multivariate analysis indicated that the variables influencing post-placental IUD acceptance were the child's gender (AOR=45.9, 95%CI: 4.53-465.25), couples counseling with husband (AOR=17.4, 95%CI: 2.55-119.56) and maternal education (AOR =7.1; 95%CI: 1.17-43.40).Conclusions: Couples counseling was found to increase post-placental IUD uptake. In addition, post-placental IUD acceptance is also influenced by the child's gender and maternal education levels. To increase uptake of post-placental IUDs there is a need for upscalling of couples counseling at the time of antenatal care.

Changes in distribution of ventilation with lung growth

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Cooper ◽  
R. B. Mellins ◽  
A. L. Mansell
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Closing Volume ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Alveolar Plateau ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Regional Lung ◽  
Residual Capacity

We systematically studied the effects of varying preinspiratory lung volumes and expiratory flow rates on the alveolar plateau of the single-breath oxygen test in children and adults. With inhalations of oxygen beginning at functional residual capacity (FRC) compared with residual volume (RV), the slope of phase III increased in 52 of 54 children and 6 of 6 adults (mean increase 29.2%, P less than 0.001) but then decreased at preinspiratory volumes greater than FRC. With maximal expiratory flows, the slopes were smaller than slopes from conventional maneuvers in 14 of 15 children by a mean 24.1%, P less than 0.001. These data suggest that apex-to-base differences in regional lung volume are a major determinant of the slope. Slopes (FRC maneuver) decreased as a function of the height of the children (r = -0.73, P less than 0.001), but differences in nitrogen concentration over the alveolar plateau increased with height (r = 0.70, P less than 0.001). This indicates that the apex-to-base differences in regional lung volume increase with lung size. An estimate of mixing efficiency between resident and inspired gas derived from the alveolar plateau increased with height for both RV (r = 0.40, P less than 0.005) and FRC maneuvers (r = 0.45, p less than 0.005) and was greater for FRC than RV (P less than 0.001). These increases in mixing efficiency are consistent with previously demonstrated decreases in closing volume with growth.

Changes in microvascular permeability with acceleration of edema in dog lungs

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. H395-H399 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Butler ◽  
R. E. Drake ◽  
W. D. Sneider ◽  
S. J. Allen ◽  
J. C. Gabel
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Atrial Pressure ◽  
Left Atrial Pressure ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Edema Formation ◽  
Before And After

Elevation of left atrial pressure to 25–40 mmHg causes continuous pulmonary edema formation in dog lungs. However, after 5–120 min, the rate of edema formation often increases (acceleration of edema). Acceleration of edema could be associated with an increase in microvascular membrane permeability because an increase in permeability would cause fluid to filter through the microvascular membrane more rapidly. To test the hypothesis that acceleration is associated with increased permeability, we used the continuous weight-gain technique to estimate the pulmonary microvascular membrane filtration coefficient (Kf) before and after acceleration of edema in 10 dogs. Acceleration occurred 36 +/- 38 (SD) min after elevation of left atrial pressure to 35.2 +/- 5.4 mmHg. Rate of weight gain increased from 0.47 +/- 0.17 g/min before acceleration to 0.88 +/- 0.26 g/min (P less than 0.05) after acceleration of pulmonary edema. Kf was increased from initial values of 0.058 +/- 0.027 to 0.075 +/- 0.029 ml.min-1.mmHg-1 (P less than 0.05) after acceleration. In five additional dogs we cannulated lung lymphatics and determined the lymph to plasma protein concentration ratio (CL/CP) before and after acceleration. CL/CP increased from base-line values of 0.37 +/- 0.07 to 0.44 +/- 0.06 (P less than 0.05) after acceleration. Both the increase in Kf and CL/CP data support the hypothesis that acceleration of edema is due, in part, to a slight increase in microvascular membrane permeability. However, the findings could also have been caused by an increase in interstitial conductance, washout of interstitial proteins, or alveolar flooding.

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