Relation of blood-free to blood-inclusive postmortem lung water measurements in sheep

Our purpose was to see if the postmortem weight ratio of extravascular lung water to blood-free dry lung (blood-free ratio) was related to similar ratios in blood-inclusive lung and in blood. We developed linear regressions of blood-free ratio on ratios for blood-inclusive lung and blood together and for blood-inclusive lung alone for 73 sheep studied under 11 different protocols and for two subgroups of sheep, one with plasma space expansion and the other without expansion. The relation of ratios of blood-free to blood-inclusive lungs was different between the two subgroups. Although all regressions were highly correlated, the fits of the blood-free ratio on ratios for blood-inclusive lung and blood together were better than for blood-inclusive lung alone. The mean error of prediction of extravascular lung water for all sheep was significantly less for the regression of blood-free ratio on ratios for blood and blood-inclusive lung together (11 g) than for blood-inclusive lung alone (18 g). This study shows that weights of lung homogenate and blood samples before and after simple oven drying can be used to provide accurate inexpensive estimates of postmortem extravascular lung water.

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Peak calf blood flow estimates are higher with Dohn than with Whitney plethysmograph

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1996.81.3.1418 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 1418-1422 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

D. N. Proctor ◽

J. R. Halliwill ◽

P. H. Shen ◽

N. E. Vlahakis ◽

M. J. Joyner

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Reactive Hyperemia ◽

Arterial Occlusion ◽

Venous Occlusion ◽

Calf Blood Flow ◽

Absolute Flow ◽

Wide Range ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

Highly Correlated

Estimates of calf blood flow with venous occlusion plethysmography vary widely between studies, perhaps due to the use of different plethysmographs. Consequently, we compared calf blood flow estimates at rest and during reactive hyperemia in eight healthy subjects (four men and four women) with two commonly used plethysmographs: the mercury-in-silastic (Whitney) strain gauge and Dohn air-filled cuff. To minimize technical variability, flow estimates were compared with a Whitney gauge and a Dohn cuff on opposite calves before and after 10 min of bilateral femoral arterial occlusion. To account for any differences between limbs, a second trial was conducted in which the plethysmographs were switched. Resting flows did not differ between the plethysmographs (P = 0.096), but a trend toward lower values with the Whitney was apparent. Peak flows averaged 37% lower with the Whitney (27.8 +/- 2.8 ml.dl-1.min-1) than with the Dohn plethysmograph (44.4 +/- 2.8 ml.dl-1.min-1; P < 0.05). Peak flow expressed as a multiple above baseline was also lower with the Whitney (10-fold) than with the Dohn plethysmograph (14.5-fold; P = 0.02). Across all flows at rest and during reactive hyperemia, estimates were highly correlated between the plethysmographs in all subjects (r2 = 0.96-0.99). However, the mean slope for the Whitney-Dohn relationship was only 60 +/- 2%, indicating that over a wide range of flows the Whitney gauge estimate was 40% lower than that for the Dohn cuff. These results demonstrate that the same qualitative results can be obtained with either plethysmograph but that absolute flow values will generally be lower with Whitney gauges.

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Failure of myocardial ischemia to increase pulmonary microvascular permeability in dogs

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1984.56.3.691 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 691-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. C. Parker ◽

L. Campbell ◽

S. Gilchrist ◽

G. Longenecker ◽

A. E. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Ischemia ◽

Extravascular Lung Water ◽

Total Protein ◽

Microvascular Permeability ◽

Lung Water ◽

Permeability Surface ◽

Before And After ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Best Fit ◽

Lung Lymph

Increased extravascular lung water has been reported following periods of myocardial ischemia. To determine whether increased pulmonary microvascular permeability was produced by ischemia, total protein lymph-to-plasma concentration ratios (CL/CP) were obtained at mechanically increased left atrial pressures (Pla) before and after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs. Pulmonary and systemic vascular pressures and cardiac output were monitored and lymph flow was measured from an afferent tracheobronchial lymphatic. Osmotic reflection coefficients (sigma) for total protein were estimated using CL/CP = 1-sigma at high filtration rates, and permeability-surface area (PSf) products were fit to the data. The postischemic lung lymph data best fit average values of sigma = 0.68 and PSf = 0.073 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1 wet weight. There were no significant differences in lymph protein or water clearances between the pre- and postischemic increased Pla states or for myocardial ischemia compared with control values for the experimental preparation. Levels of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha, a degradation product of prostacyclin, increased by 10- to 14-fold above preischemic values in pulmonary lymph, and there was a significant increase in pulmonary vascular resistance during ischemia. Extravascular lung water was not increased above that attributed to the increased Pla alone. These data indicate no significant increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability to plasma proteins during myocardial ischemia.

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Permeability of barriers to albumin flux in lungs of sheep resuscitated from hemorrhagic shock

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1986.61.6.2156 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 61 (6) ◽

pp. 2156-2161 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. B. Gorin ◽

G. Mendiondo

Keyword(s):

Hemorrhagic Shock ◽

Extravascular Lung Water ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Equilibrium Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Lymph Flow ◽

Base Line ◽

Lung Water ◽

Lung Lymph ◽

Lung Lymph Flow

We assessed pulmonary endothelial and epithelial permeability and lung lymph flow in nine adult sheep under base-line conditions and after resuscitation from profound hemorrhagic shock. Animals were mechanically ventilated and maintained on 1% halothane anesthesia while aortic pressure was held at 40 Torr for 3 h. Systemic heparin was not used. After reinfusion of shed blood, sheep recovered from anesthesia and we measured lung lymph flow (QL), lymph-to-plasma concentration ratio for proteins, and time taken to reach half-equilibrium concentration of intravenous tracer albumin in lymph (t1/2). Twenty-four hours after bolus injection of radio-albumin we lavaged subsegments of the right upper lobe and determined fractional equilibration of the tracer in the alveolar luminal-lining layer. In each sheep we had measured these parameters 7 days earlier under base-line conditions. Animals were killed, and the lungs were used for gravimetric determination of extravascular lung water (gravimetric extravascular lung water-to-dry weight ratio) 24 h after resuscitation from shock. Pulmonary endothelial injury after resuscitation was evidenced by marked increase in QL, without fall in lymph-to-plasma ratio. Time taken to reach half-equilibrium concentration fell from 169 +/- 47 (SD) min in base-line studies to 53 +/- 33 min after shock. There was no evidence of lung epithelial injury. Gravimetric extravascular lung water-to-dry weight ratio was significantly increased in these animals killed 24 h after resuscitation (4.94 +/- 0.29) compared with values in our laboratory controls (4.13 +/- 0.09, mean +/- SD). These data demonstrate a loss of lung endothelial integrity in sheep after resuscitation from profound hemorrhagic shock.

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Extravascular lung water after extracellular fluid volume expansion in dogs

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1977.42.4.624 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 624-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

P. D. Snashall ◽

W. J. Weidner ◽

N. C. Staub

Keyword(s):

Extravascular Lung Water ◽

Volume Expansion ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fluid Volume ◽

Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽

Lung Water ◽

Lung Weight ◽

Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion

We have compared extravascular lung water after extracellular fluid volume expansion with that predicted from lung sucrose space measured in control dogs. In control lungs mean extravascular water:dry weight ratio was 3.81 +/- 0.16 (SD) (n = 5) and extravascular sucrose space/dry weight was 1.79 +/- 0.45 (n = 4). After acute expansion of extracellular fluid volume by 10% of body weight mean extravascular water:dry lung weight was 4.17 +/- 0.27 (m = 5), less than half the predicted increase to 4.63 +/- 0.19, suggesting some degree of protection. After 20% (n = 4), 30% (n = 2), and 40% (n = 1) expansion, no protection was demonstrated and there was considerable scatter of lung water at each infusion volume. When volume expansion increased pulmonary capillary intravascular forces (due to decreased protein osmotic pressure and increased hydrostatic pressure) by more than 20 cmH2O there was a linear increase in extravascular lung water with increasing intravascular forces. Three dogs did not conform to this relationship and had disproportionately large increases in lung water, possibly due to alveolar flooding.

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Effect of Two Different Weight-Loss Rates on Body Composition and Strength and Power-Related Performance in Elite Athletes

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.21.2.97 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 97-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

Ina Garthe ◽

Truls Raastad ◽

Per Egil Refsnes ◽

Anu Koivisto ◽

Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Repetition Maximum ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

And Performance ◽

Better Than

When weight loss (WL) is necessary, athletes are advised to accomplish it gradually, at a rate of 0.5–1 kg/wk. However, it is possible that losing 0.5 kg/wk is better than 1 kg/wk in terms of preserving lean body mass (LBM) and performance. The aim of this study was to compare changes in body composition, strength, and power during a weekly body-weight (BW) loss of 0.7% slow reduction (SR) vs. 1.4% fast reduction (FR). We hypothesized that the faster WL regimen would result in more detrimental effects on both LBM and strength-related performance. Twenty-four athletes were randomized to SR (n = 13, 24 ± 3 yr, 71.9 ± 12.7 kg) or FR (n = 11, 22 ± 5 yr, 74.8 ± 11.7 kg). They followed energy-restricted diets promoting the predetermined weekly WL. All athletes included 4 resistance-training sessions/wk in their usual training regimen. The mean times spent in intervention for SR and FR were 8.5 ± 2.2 and 5.3 ± 0.9 wk, respectively (p < .001). BW, body composition (DEXA), 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) tests, 40-m sprint, and countermovement jump were measured before and after intervention. Energy intake was reduced by 19% ± 2% and 30% ± 4% in SR and FR, respectively (p = .003). BW and fat mass decreased in both SR and FR by 5.6% ± 0.8% and 5.5% ± 0.7% (0.7% ± 0.8% vs. 1.0% ± 0.4%/wk) and 31% ± 3% and 21 ± 4%, respectively. LBM increased in SR by 2.1% ± 0.4% (p < .001), whereas it was unchanged in FR (–0.2% ± 0.7%), with significant differences between groups (p < .01). In conclusion, data from this study suggest that athletes who want to gain LBM and increase 1RM strength during a WL period combined with strength training should aim for a weekly BW loss of 0.7%.

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Regional puimonary blood flow, extravascular lung water and pulmonary vascular permeability measurements made with positron emission tomography before and after acute lung injury

Journal of Critical Care ◽

10.1016/s0883-9441(86)80064-8 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Keyword(s):

Positron Emission Tomography ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Acute Lung Injury ◽

Lung Injury ◽

Extravascular Lung Water ◽

Emission Tomography ◽

Lung Water ◽

Pulmonary Vascular Permeability ◽

Positron Emission ◽

Before And After

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Training Badminton Footwork Ten Repetitions Two Sets Better Than Five Repetitions Four Sets for The Improvement of Leg Muscle Strength

Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia ◽

10.51559/ptji.v2i1.18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 10-15

Author(s):

I Putu Astrawan ◽

I Putu Prisa Jaya

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

Leg Muscle ◽

Group 2 ◽

Better Than ◽

Group 1

Background: Footwork training is important in coaching basic movements in badminton. This research aims to learn about the influence of footwork training on improving leg muscles strength. Methods: The study used a randomized pretest-posttest control group design. The participants consisted of 42 male badminton players of Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Bali, Indonesia, who split into two groups of footwork training (ten repetitions two sets (group 1) and five repetitions with four sets (group 2)). The coach gave the footwork exercise three times per week for 6 weeks to each group and measured the leg muscle strength using the dynamometer test. Results: The result of the within-group paired T-test before and after the training shows group 1 and group 2 (p<0.05). For group 1, the mean of leg muscle strength was 114.19±33.13 kg before the training and 183.19±33.56 kg after the training, with an increase of 60% (69 kg). On the other hand, for group 2, the mean score of leg muscle strength before the training was 113.05±31.30 kg and after the training was 141.10±34.91, with an increase of 25% (28 kg). The leg muscle strength difference between the groups before and after the training was tested using the independent T-test with a significant α=0.05. Comparing the differences of leg muscle strength for both the groups before the training was p= 0.90, and after the training was p=0.00. Conclusion: The conclusion is training badminton footwork ten repetition two sets better than five repetitions four sets to improve leg muscle strength.

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The Asteroid Mass Determination Project at The U.S. Naval Observatory

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100072729 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 172 ◽

pp. 361-362

Author(s):

James L. Hilton ◽

Ronald C. Stone

Keyword(s):

High Precision ◽

Mass Determination ◽

Mean Motion ◽

Naval Observatory ◽

Before And After ◽

Change In The Mean ◽

The Mean ◽

The Masses ◽

The U.S ◽

Better Than

Asteroid masses are the largest source of unmodeled forces in current planetary ephemerides research. Williams (1984) showed that the asteroids produce km size perturbations in the position of Mars. However, the masses of only three asteroids are known to better than 10%, and only six other asteroid masses have been determined at all.Detecting the mass of an asteroid is difficult because the observed quantity is the change in the mean motion of a second, perturbed asteroid. Asteroid masses are small, so the change in the mean motion is typically on the order of 0."015 yr−1. Thus, excellent orbit determinations are needed both before and after the perturbing encounter. This requires high precision observations over as many oppositions as possible.Hilton (1997) determined the mass of 15 Eunomia to within 25% by detecting perturbations of 1313 Berna. The greatest source of uncertainty in determining the mass of Eunomia was the very poor coverage and accuracy of pre-encounter observations. Hilton (1998) has determined the masses of 1 Ceres, 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta, all based on mutual interactions. The uncertainties in the masses are 1% for Ceres, 3% for Pallas, and 7% for Vesta. The masses of Ceres and Pallas are the best so far, and the mass for Vesta corroborates previous determinations of its mass.

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An Improved Print-Scan Resistant Watermarking Scheme

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.153 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 731 ◽

pp. 153-158

Author(s):

Wei Guo ◽

Wen Fa Qi

Keyword(s):

Data Extraction ◽

Visual Quality ◽

Mapping Method ◽

Local Complexity ◽

Before And After ◽

Dct Coefficients ◽

The Mean ◽

Image Pixels ◽

Watermarking Scheme ◽

Better Than

As an improvement of Cheng etal.’s print-and-scan (PS) digital watermarking scheme, the proposed method solves the data extraction failure problem caused by pixel displacement. We propose to embed the watermark into the middle band of DCT coefficients based on the fact that the mean of DCT coefficients (MDC) is zero before and after PS. Besides, a mapping method is designed which can distribute the change of average to the original image pixels according to the local complexity. Meanwhile, we use the JND model mentioned in Cheng et al.’s scheme to guarantee the visual quality. Extensive experiments show that the proposed scheme is effective to resist PS, and the performance of the proposed scheme is better than that of Cheng et al.’s scheme.

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