Adaptation and overtraining in horses subjected to increasing training loads

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1908-1913 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bruin ◽  
H. Kuipers ◽  
H. A. Keizer ◽  
G. J. Vander Vusse
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Adrenal Response

To evaluate markers for overtraining, seven male race horses were subjected to 272 days of training consisting of daily exercise bouts of either endurance running (heart rate 140/min) or interval training (maximal heart rate), both increasing in duration and intensity. An incremental exercise test was held every 4 wk, and from day 187 it was held every 2 wk. Muscle glycogen, muscle lactate, energy-rich phosphates, adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone, plasma and red blood cell volumes, and a number of blood chemical variables were measured. The horses showed symptoms of weight loss, irritability, and an inability to complete the training after the intensity of the endurance exercise was increased. Test performance was not decreased. The adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone was not changed during overtraining. The decline in muscle ATP concentration during maximal exercise was less during the period of staleness, whereas plasma volume, red blood cell volume, and blood chemical variables were unchanged. It was concluded that as long as exhaustive training is alternated by light exercise, overtraining is unlikely to occur. Furthermore, no single parameter can be used to detect early overtraining.

scholarly journals Physiological aspects and energetic contribution in 20s:10s high-intensity interval exercise at different intensities

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9791
Author(s):  
Gabriel V. Protzen ◽  
Charles Bartel ◽  
Victor S. Coswig ◽  
Paulo Gentil ◽  
Fabricio B. Del Vecchio
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Power Output ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Background One of the most popular high-intensity interval exercises is the called “Tabata Protocol”. However, most investigations have limitations in describing the work intensity, and this fact appears to be due to the protocol unfeasibility. Furthermore, the physiological demands and energetic contribution during this kind of exercise remain unclear. Methods Eight physically active students (21.8 ± 3.7 years) and eight well-trained cycling athletes (27.8 ± 6.4 years) were enrolled. In the first visit, we collected descriptive data and the peak power output (PPO). On the next three visits, in random order, participants performed interval training with the same time structure (effort:rest 20s:10s) but using different intensities (115%, 130%, and 170% of PPO). We collected the number of sprints, power output, oxygen consumption, blood lactate, and heart rate. Results The analysis of variance for multivariate test (number of sprints, power output, blood lactate, peak heart rate and percentage of maximal heart rate) showed significant differences between groups (F = 9.62; p = 0.001) and intensities (F = 384.05; p < 0.001), with no interactions (F = 0.94; p = 0.57). All three energetic contributions and intensities were different between protocols. The higher contribution was aerobic, followed by alactic and lactic. The aerobic contribution was higher at 115%PPO, while the alactic system showed higher contribution at 130%PPO. In conclusion, the aerobic system was predominant in the three exercise protocols, and we observed a higher contribution at lower intensities.

The association of fetal heart rate patterns with nucleated red blood cell counts at birth

2003 ◽  
Vol 188 (5) ◽  
pp. 1228-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaf Ferber ◽  
Armando Grassi ◽  
Didem Akyol ◽  
Christopher O'Reilly-Green ◽  
Michael Y. Divon
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Fetal Heart Rate ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Blood Cell Counts ◽  
Nucleated Red Blood Cell

Frequency and duration of interval training programs and changes in aerobic power

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Fox ◽  
R. L. Bartels ◽  
C. E. Billings ◽  
R. O'Brien ◽  
R. Bason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
College Males ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
Circulatory Stress

This study was designed to ascertain whether 7- and 13-wk interval training programs with training frequencies of 2 days/wk would produce improvement in maximal aerobic power (VO2max) comparable to that obtained from 7- and 13-wk programs of the same intensity consisting of 4 training days/wk. Sixty-nine young healthy college males were used as subjects. After training, there was a significant increase in VO2max (bicycle ergometer, open-circuit spirometry) that was independent of both training frequency and duration. However, there was a trend for greater gains after 13 wk. Maximal heart rate (direct lead ECG) was significantly decreased following training, being independent of both training frequency and duration. Submaximal VO2 did not change with training but submaximal heart rate decreased significantly with greater decreases the more frequent and longer the training. Within the limitations of this study, these results indicate that: 1) maximal stroke volume and/or maximal avO2 difference, principle determinants of VO2max, are not dependent on training frequency nor training duration, and 2) one benefit of more frequent and longer duration interval training is less circulatory stress as evidenced by decreased heart rate, during submaximal exercise.

Comparative efficiency of continuous trainings and aerobic interval training in patients after myocardial infarction

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Dovgalyuk ◽  
Y.U.V Chistyakova ◽  
L.L Jarchenkova ◽  
S.O Fokicheva ◽  
A.A Zolotareva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Primary Angioplasty ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Interval Training ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
State Medical Academy

Abstract Background The basis of cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) is aerobic physical training, which improves exercise capacity in patients with an acute myocardial infarction (MI) after primary angioplasty of the infarct-related vessel. However, which type - aerobic interval training (AIT) or aerobic continuous trainings (ACT) are most effective for improving peak oxygen uptake (VO2 max) remains unclear and controversial. Purpose To evaluate the effects of CRP, including AIT or ACT, on exercise capacity and lung function in patients with MI after primary angioplasty of the infarct-related vessel. Methods Seventy MI patients (58 men and 12 women, mean age – 59,2±8,0 years) were undergone the three-week CRP in the Ivanovo State Medical Academy Clinic. The CRP for all patients included: daily controlled physical training on the Bicycle Ergometer and Treadmill, group exercises in therapeutic gymnastics, dosed walking and walking on the stairs with an individually calculated pace. Depending on the mode of physical training all patients were randomized of five weekly sessions in to two groups, comparable in age and gender: AIT group (35 patients) and ACT group (35 patients). The ACT group was training at 50–60% of peak heart rate. The AIT group protocol consisted of ten 1-min intervals at 85–90% of maximal heart rate separated by ten 1-min active recovery periods of moderate intensity at 40–60% of the maximal heart rate. Changes in 6-min walk distance test (6MWT), peak oxygen uptake (VO2max), relative load power, total lung capacity (TLC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) before and after CRP were investigated. Data are presented as a median (interquartile ratio [Q1; Q3]). Results After finishing CRP 6MWT distance increased in both groups, but was higher in AIT group 492 [460–510] m compared to the ACT group – 465 [424–510] m (p&lt;0.05). Peak oxygen uptake increased more (p&lt;0.05) after AIT: from 16.8 [15.3–19.8] to 20.7 [16.5–21.9] ml kg–1 min–1 (p&lt;0.05), than after ACT – from 15.8 [14.7–18.6] to 16.1 [15.8–20.5] ml kg–1 min–1 (p&gt;0.05). At the end of the CRP relative load power during cardiopulmonary exercise test was higher in AIT group compared to the ACT group: 1.5 [1.3–1.7] vs 1.2 [1.0–1.5] Wt/kg respectively (p&lt;0.05). In the AIT group TLC increased significantly from 3.13 [2.63–4.05] to 4.14 [3.91–4.87] L (p&lt;0.05) then in ACT group: from 3.19 [2.82–3.74] to 3.21 [3.03–3.57] L (p&gt;0.05). FEV1 had no changes in both groups. Both programs reduced anxiety and depression, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and increased quality of life. Conclusion AIT as compared to ACT provided a more pronounced training effect on the cardiorespiratory system due to high-intensity loading phases. Therefore, AIT is more preferable in cardiac rehabilitation of patients with MI after primary angioplasty of the infarct-related vessel. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Ivanovo State Medical Academy

scholarly journals Heart rate is associated with red blood cell fatty acid concentration: The Genetics of Coronary Artery Disease in Alaska Natives (GOCADAN) study

2010 ◽  
Vol 159 (6) ◽  
pp. 1020-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven O.E. Ebbesson ◽  
Richard B. Devereux ◽  
Shelley Cole ◽  
Lars O.E. Ebbesson ◽  
Richard R. Fabsitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Alaska Natives ◽  
Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Artery Disease

scholarly journals Effect of changes in blood fatigue indicators, inflammatory markers, and stress hormone levels on 100-m records of sprinters following an 8-week intense interval training

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-353
Author(s):  
HongYing Du ◽  
Young-Je Sim
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Medium Intensity

This study aimed to examine the changes in the blood fatigue indicators, inflammatory markers, and stress hormones following an 8-week intensity interval training in sprinters, and to investigate the effects on changes in the 100-m sprint records. Twenty sprinters from a boys’ high school were equally assigned to high-intensity and medium-intensity interval training groups, and three 60-min interval training sessions were performed per week for 8 weeks, for a total of 24 sessions. Exercise intensity was defined as 85%–95% and 75%–85% of heart rate reserve for high- and medium-intensity training, respectively. At rest, both groups had an exercise intensity of 60% of the heart rate reserve. Our results showed decreased fatigue indicators, inflammatory markers, and stress hormone levels after high-intensity and medium-intensity interval training, with no difference between the training levels. In addition, the 100-m sprint records were different in high- and medium-intensity interval training groups, based on the lactate dehydrogenase and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. In conclusion, medium-intensity interval training with a reserve heart rate of ≥ 75% can have a positive effect on blood fatigue indicators, inflammatory markers, and stress hormones in sprinters. Specifically, the changes in adrenocorticotropic hormone level seen in the high-intensity interval training group were found to have a significant effect on the 100-m sprinting records.

Mechanisms responsible for decreased glomerular filtration in hibernation and hypothermia

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Tempel ◽  
X. J. Musacchia ◽  
S. B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Blood Cell And Plasma ◽  
Distribution Of Cardiac Output

Mechanisms underlying the elimination or marked depression of renal function in hibernation and hypothermia were investigated through measurements of blood pressure, heart rate, red blood cell and plasma volumes, and relative distribution of cardiac output. Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were made hypothermic (rectal temperature (Tre), 7 degrees C) by exposure to helox and cold, or permitted to hibernate with several weeks of cold exposure (Ta approximately 5 degrees C). Mean arterial pressure, 120 Torr in normothermic control animals, demonstrated a 55% and 60% decrease during hibernation and hypothermia, respectively. As the animals rewarmed from hypothermia or aroused from hibernation, blood pressure increased rapidly at 8–12 degrees C, more gradually at 12–17 degrees C, and plateaued thereafter. Blood pressure rapidly returned to near control levels whereas heart rate remained at less than one-half control value at the highest temperature examined. Red blood cell volume, 26.2 +/- 0.6 ml/kg body wt in the control animals appeared unaffected by hypothermia. Plasma volume, by contrast, decreased from control values of 33.0 +/- 0.8 to 21.3 +/- 0.6 ml/kg body wt in hypothermia, a decrease of approximately 35%. Distribution of cardiac output to various organs in hibernation and hypothermia followed a similar pattern. Relative flow to the heart, lung, diaphragm, and brown fat increased while the fraction distributed to the visceral organs appeared to decrease. The normothermic control kidney received approximately 16% of the cardiac output while the hibernating and hypothermic kidneys received approximately 10% and 6%, respectively. The data are discussed in terms of the determinants of glomarular filtration rate and explain, in part, the elimination or marked reduction in renal function observed in depressed metabolic states.

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