Importance of muscle phosphocreatine during intermittent maximal cycling

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1574-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Trump ◽  
G. J. Heigenhauser ◽  
C. T. Putman ◽  
L. L. Spriet
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
The Third ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
S 100 ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

To examine the importance of phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation in maintaining power output during maximal intermittent cycling, seven healthy men completed three bouts of isokinetic cycling (30 s, 100 revolutions/min) with 4 min of rest between bouts. After bout 2, blood flow to one leg was occluded by cuffing the thigh (Cuff) during the rest period to prevent PCr resynthesis while the circulation to the other leg was intact (Cont). The cuff was then removed and bout 3 completed. Muscle biopsies were sampled from the vastus lateralis of both legs just before and immediately after bout 3. Total work produced by the Cuff and Cont legs was similar during bouts 1 (9.3 +/- 0.5 and 9.6 +/- 0.5 kJ, respectively) and 2 (8.1 +/- 0.4 and 8.3 +/- kJ, respectively). Cuffing prevented the resynthesis of PCr because pre-bout 3 contents were 20.7 +/- 8.4 and 63.0 +/- 3.3 mmol/kg dry muscle in the Cuff and Cont legs, respectively. Cuffing also resulted in significantly higher muscle levels of lactate, H+ concentration (287 +/- 26 vs. 217 +/- 15 nM), ADP, AMP, and acetyl-CoA before bout 3 but had no effect on other glycolytic intermediates, ATP, or acetylcarnitine. Total work in bout 3 was significantly reduced by 15% in the Cuff leg (5.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.8 +/- 0.6 kJ). PCr degradation during bout 3 was 3.1 and 47.5 mmol/kg dry muscle in the Cuff and Cont legs, respectively, and lactate accumulation was minimal in both legs. Changes in all other metabolites during bout 3 were not different between legs. The results suggest that PCr contributed approximately 15% of the total ATP provision during the third 30-s bout of maximal isokinetic cycling and that most of the ATP was provided during the initial 15 s. Muscle glycogenolysis contributed minimally to ATP provision (approximately 10-15%) during the third 30-s bout, suggesting that aerobic metabolism becomes the dominant source of ATP during this model of repeated sprinting.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Varieties of B. coli isolated from “Typhoid” and Normal Dejecta

1901 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
The Third

The want of success which has so persistently attended the efforts of most bacteriologists to isolate the B. typhosus from water supplies suspected to have caused enteric fever, suggested a study of the varieties of B. coli which are associated with the B. typhosus in the dejecta of patients suffering from enteric fever. It was hoped that the organisms in question might show cultural characteristics or reactions to specific sera, which would enable them to be distinguished from the varieties of B. coli present in the dejecta of healthy people; so that even if the B. typhosus were not detected, the presence of these special organisms might afford reasonable grounds for the belief that the water under examination had been fouled by the specific dejecta of cases of enteric fever. With this object in view 150 organisms have been examined; of these 80 were isolated from the stools of cases of enteric fever and 70 from the stools of healthy men. The enteric fever cases were five in number, one being a severe relapse, and the other four severe cases which terminated fatally. The stools were obtained during the third and fourth weeks of the disease and also, in the fatal cases, from the intestines after death had occurred.

X. An account of the remarkable effects of a shipwreck on the mariners; with experiments and observations on the influence of immersion in fresh and salt water, hot and cold, on the powers of the living body

1792 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 199-224 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Risk ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Living Body ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sand Bank ◽  
Original Number

The following narrative is submitted to the Royal Society, as containing in itself some curious circumstances, and as having suggested the experiments afterwards to be recited. On the 13th of December, 1790, an American ship was cast away on a sand-bank that lies in the opening of the river Mersey into the Irish Channel. The crew got on a part of the wreck, where they passed the night; and a signal which they made being discovered next day from Hillberry Island, a boat went off, though at a great risk, and took up the survivors. The unfortunate men had remained twenty-three hours on the wreck; and of fourteen, the original number, eleven were still alive, all of whom in the end recovered. Of the three that perished, one was the master of the vessel; another was a passenger who had been a master, but had lost or sold his ship in America; the third was the cook. The bodies of these unfortunate persons were also brought off by the men from Hillberry Island, and were afterwards interred in Saint Nicholas church-yard, amidst a great crowd of spectators. The cook, who was a weakly man, died a few hours before the boat reached the wreck, but the two masters had been long dead, and this added to the sympathy for their loss, a curiosity to inquire into its circumstances and causes. When the following particulars came to be known, this curiosity was increased. Both the masters were strong and healthy men, and one of them a native of Scotland, in the flower of life, early inured to cold and hardships, and very vigorous both in body and mind. On the other hand, several of the survivors were by no means strong men, most of them were natives of the warm climate of Carolina, and what was singular enough, the person among the whole who seemed to have suffered least was a negro.

Influence of carbohydrate dosage on exercise performance and glycogen metabolism

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 1843-1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Mitchell ◽  
D. L. Costill ◽  
J. A. Houmard ◽  
W. J. Fink ◽  
D. D. Pascoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Output ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Total Work ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of ingestion of carbohydrate (CHO) solutions of 0 (WP), 6 (CHO-6), 12 (CHO-12), and 18 g CHO/100 ml (CHO-18) on performance and muscle glycogen use. Ten trained cyclists performed five 120-min cycling trials. The first 105 min of each trial was at 70% of maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), and the final 15 min was an all-out performance ride on an isokinetic cycle ergometer equipped to measure total work output. In one of the trials (CHO-12I) the submaximal portion of the ride consisted of seven 15-min rides at 70% of VO2max with a 3-min rest between each ride. Every 15 min the men consumed 8.5 ml.kg-1.h-1 (approximately 150 ml) of one of the four test solutions. Venous blood samples were obtained every 15 min for glucose and insulin. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis at 0 and 105 min in the WP and the CHO-12 continuous and intermittent trials. Biopsy samples were assayed for glycogen and sectioned and stained for myosin adenosinetriphosphatase and glycogen for single fiber depletion measurements. There were no differences in glycogen use (86.7 +/- 6.0, 75.5 +/- 7.9, and 83.5 +/- 5.5 mmol/kg for the WP, CHO-12C, and CHO-12I, respectively) or depletion patterns between the WP and the two CHO-12 trials. Blood glucose was significantly elevated in both the CHO-12 trials and in the CHO-18 trial compared with the WP trial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Lactate release in relation to tissue lactate in human skeletal muscle during exercise

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jorfeldt ◽  
A. Juhlin-Dannfelt ◽  
J. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Work Intensity ◽  
Muscle Lactate ◽  
Lactate Release ◽  
Leg Blood Flow ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

In four healthy volunteers, muscle lactate concentration and the release of lactate from the leg were determined at rest and at 4 and 12 min of sitting bicycle exercise at four intensities (30, 50, 70, and 90% of maximal oxygen uptake). The muscle biopsies were obtained by needle biopsy technique from m. vastus lateralis. The rate of lactate release was calculated from the femoral venous-arterial differences of lactate and the leg blood flow was determined by constant rate dye infusion. Both leg blood flow and leg oxygen consumption increased linearly with work intensity. The release of lactate rose approximately linearly with the muscle lactate concentration up to about 4–5 mmol/min but then the relationship revealed a clear leveling off. These results indicate a maximal level for the lactate release from the exercising muscles with a translocation hindrance for lactate within the muscles.

Efficacy of some insecticide modules against major insect pests and spider population of rice, Oryza sativa L.

ENTOMON ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Atanu Seni ◽  
Bhimasen Naik
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Treated Plot

Experiments were carried out to assess some insecticide modules against major insect pests of rice. Each module consists of a basal application of carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 at 20 DAT and Rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i ha-1 at 45 DAT except untreated control. All modules differ with each other only in third treatment which was applied in 65 DAT. The third treatment includes: Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1, Triflumezopyrim 106 SC @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Buprofezin 25 SC @ 250 g a.i ha-1; Glamore (Imidacloprid 40+Ethiprole 40% w/w) 80 WG @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, Thiacloprid 24 SC @ 60 g a.i ha-1, Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1, Dinotefuran 20 SG@ 40 g a.i ha-1 and untreated control. All the treated plots recorded significantly lower percent of dead heart, white ear- head caused by stem borer and silver shoot caused by gall midge. Module with Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1 treated plot recorded significantly higher per cent reduction of plant hoppers (>80% over untreated control) and produced higher grain yield (50.75 qha-1) than the other modules. Among the different treated modules the maximum number of spiders was found in Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1 treated module plot followed by other treatments.

Retroaktive Neuverhandlung

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Martin Feige
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
The Third ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Relationship

Der Beitrag widmet sich der Frage historischer Folgeverhältnisse in der Kunst. Gegenüber dem Gedanken, dass es ein ursprüngliches Werk in der Reihe von Werken gibt, das späteren Werken seinen Sinn gibt, schlägt der Text vor, das Verhältnis umgekehrt zu denken: Im Lichte späterer Werke wird der Sinn früherer Werke neu ausgehandelt. Dazu geht der Text in drei Schritten vor. Im ersten Teil formuliert er unter der Überschrift ›Form‹ in kritischer Abgrenzung zu Danto und Eco mit Adorno den Gedanken, dass Kunstwerke eigensinnig konstituierte Gegenstände sind. Die im Gedanken der Neuverhandlung früherer Werke im Lichte späterer Werke vorausgesetzte Unbestimmtheit des Sinns von Kunstwerken wird im zweiten Teil unter dem Schlagwort ›Zeitlichkeit‹ anhand des Paradigmas der Improvisation erörtert. Der dritte und letzte Teil wendet diese improvisatorische Logik unter dem Label ›Neuaushandlung‹ dann dezidiert auf das Verhältnis von Vorbild und Nachbild an. The article proposes a new understanding of historical succession in the realm of art. In contrast to the idea that there is an original work in the series of works that gives meaning to the works that come later, the text proposes to think it exactly the other way round: in the light of later works, the meanings of earlier works are renegotiated. The text proceeds in three steps to develop this idea. Under the heading ›Form‹ it develops in the first part a critical reading of Danto’s and Eco’s notion of the constitution of the artworks and argues with Adorno that each powerful work develops its own language. In the second part, the vagueness of the meaning of works of art presupposed in the idea of renegotiating earlier works in the light of later works is discussed under the term ›Temporality‹ in terms of the logic of improvisation. The third and final part uses this improvisational logic under the label ›Renegotiation‹ to understand the relationship between model and afterimage in the realm of art.

Features of the course and treatment of glaucoma during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
T. V. Chernyakova ◽  
A. Yu. Brezhnev ◽  
I. R. Gazizova ◽  
A. V. Kuroyedov ◽  
A. V. Seleznev
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chronic Progressive Disease ◽  
Hypotensive Therapy ◽  
Eye Pressure

In the review we have integrated all up-to-date knowledge concerning clinical course and treatment of glaucoma among pregnant women to help specialists choose a proper policy of treatment for such a complicated group of patients. Glaucoma is a chronic progressive disease. It rarely occurs among childbearing aged women. Nevertheless the probability to manage pregnant patients having glaucoma has been recently increasing. The situation is complicated by the fact that there are no recommendations on how to treat glaucoma among pregnant women. As we know, eye pressure is progressively going down from the first to the third trimester, so we often have to correct hypotensive therapy. Besides, it is necessary to take into account the effect of applied medicines on mother health and evaluate possible teratogenic complications for a fetus. The only medicine against glaucoma which belongs to category B according to FDA classification is brimonidine. Medicines of the other groups should be prescribed with care. Laser treatment or surgery may also be a relevant decision when monitoring patients who are planning pregnancy or just bearing a child. Such treatment should be also accompanied by medicines.

The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-61
Author(s):  
Natalia Małecka-Drozd
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Settlement Landscape ◽  
New Settlements

The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.

Avoiding Shame and Guilt

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Daniel Batson
Keyword(s):  
Empathic Concern ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Helping Relationship ◽  
Shame And Guilt

After rejecting the remove–empathy hypothesis (Chapter 4), attention turned to the other two classic egoistic explanations for the motivation to help produced by empathic concern: empathy-specific punishment and empathy-specific reward. This chapter considers two kinds of empathy-specific punishment, shame and guilt. The shame hypothesis claims that we help more when we feel empathic concern because we’re motivated to avoid disapproval and censure from others. The guilt hypothesis says that we’re motivated to avoid self-condemnation for failing to do what we should. Contradicting the shame hypothesis, experiments revealed that even when no one else will know if participants fail to help, empathy still increased helping. Contradicting the guilt hypothesis, participants induced to feel empathy helped more even when provided a good excuse for not helping. Given that neither form of empathy-specific punishment could account for the empathy–helping relationship, our search shifted to the third classic egoistic explanation: pursuing pride.

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