Development and validation of anthropometric prediction equations for estimation of lean body mass and appendicular lean soft tissue in Indian men and women

Lean body mass (LBM) and muscle mass remain difficult to quantify in large epidemiological studies due to the unavailability of inexpensive methods. We therefore developed anthropometric prediction equations to estimate the LBM and appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Healthy volunteers ( n = 2,220; 36% women; age 18-79 yr), representing a wide range of body mass index (14–44 kg/m2), participated in this study. Their LBM, including ALST, was assessed by DXA along with anthropometric measurements. The sample was divided into prediction (60%) and validation (40%) sets. In the prediction set, a number of prediction models were constructed using DXA-measured LBM and ALST estimates as dependent variables and a combination of anthropometric indices as independent variables. These equations were cross-validated in the validation set. Simple equations using age, height, and weight explained >90% variation in the LBM and ALST in both men and women. Additional variables (hip and limb circumferences and sum of skinfold thicknesses) increased the explained variation by 5–8% in the fully adjusted models predicting LBM and ALST. More complex equations using all of the above anthropometric variables could predict the DXA-measured LBM and ALST accurately, as indicated by low standard error of the estimate (LBM: 1.47 kg and 1.63 kg for men and women, respectively), as well as good agreement by Bland-Altman analyses (Bland JM, Altman D. Lancet 1: 307–310, 1986). These equations could be a valuable tool in large epidemiological studies assessing these body compartments in Indians and other population groups with similar body composition.

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APPENDICULAR LEAN SOFT TISSUE: DEVELOPMENT AND CROSS-VALIDATION OF PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR OLDER MEN AND WOMEN

Journal of Frailty & Aging ◽

10.14283/jfa.2013.10 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

I.C. GOMES ◽

L.A. GOBBO ◽

A.M. SILVA ◽

I.F. FREITAS JUNIOR ◽

Y.A.O. DUARTE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Low Cost ◽

Reference Method ◽

The Elderly ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽

Men And Women ◽

Predictive Variables ◽

Home Based ◽

And Gender

Background:Sarcopenia may explain, in a large proportion, physical disability, falls and fractures,especially in aged elderly. However, a diagnosis in an operationally systematic, simple and low cost way isextremely important, particularly for home-based, epidemiological studies. Objective:The purpose of this studywas to develop and validate predictive equations of appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST) in elderly older than 80years. Design and settings:A validation study was performed in 106 elderly (men and women) aged 80 years andolder. Measurements:Body weight, height, circumference (arm, midcalf, hip and waist) and triceps skinfold weremeasured in the elderly. ALST were measured using as the reference method dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DXA). Results:Two models were predicted. The first model (ALST, in kg = 0.074*height + 0.277*weight –0.144*triceps skinfold – 0.103*waist circumference + 1.831*gender -0.966), which considered all possiblevariables in stepwise multiple regression, presented better statistical performance (r2= 0.82; SEE = 1.67 kg),compared to the second model (ALST, in kg = 0.138*height + 0.103*weight + 3.061*gender – 12.489), a morepractical equation, due to a lesser quantity of predictive variables (r2= 0.75; SEE = 1.94 kg). Both models werevalidated, however, it was verified trend (p<0.05) for overestimation of predicted ALST. Conclusion:Insummary, two models for predicting ALST in men and women with age ≥ 80 years were developed and cross-validated. Model 1, with a greater number of predictive variables, presented a better accuracy than did the modelwith only three variables (height, weight, and gender). Validation studies are needed to test the usefulness of bothmodels in other populations.

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Total Body Water, Total Exchangeable Sodium and Related Variables in the Ghanaian

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0540477 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 477-479

Author(s):

S. Kojo Addae ◽

S. Dakubu ◽

E. T. Larmie ◽

R. Boatin ◽

E. H. Belcher

Keyword(s):

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Total Body Water ◽

Close Agreement ◽

Body Water ◽

Exchangeable Sodium ◽

Men And Women ◽

Total Body Fat ◽

Total Body

1. Standard radioisotope dilution techniques employing [3H]water and [22Na]sodium chloride have been used to determine the total body water and total exchangeable sodium of 20 male and 10 female normal Ghanaians (Africans) aged 19–25 years. 2. Lean body mass and total body fat are calculated as a percentage of body weight; the total exchangeable sodium values have been expressed in relation to lean body mass. 3. Comparison of the data for Ghanaian subjects with published figures for Caucasian subjects of similar age shows that the Ghanaian men have much less total body fat and the women a little less total body fat than their Caucasian counterparts. 4. Total exchangeable sodium expressed in terms of lean body mass shows close agreement in both men and women.

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Predictors of Lean Body Mass and Total Adipose Mass in Community-Dwelling Elderly Men and Women

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences ◽

10.1016/s0002-9629(15)40304-0 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 315 (3) ◽

pp. 188-193

Author(s):

Adil A. Abbasi ◽

Dale E. Mattson ◽

Edmund H. Duthie ◽

Charles Wilson ◽

Lois Sheldahl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Elderly Men ◽

Men And Women ◽

Adipose Mass

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Risk Values of Weight and Body Mass Index for Chest Wall Thickness in Patients Requiring Needle Thoracostomy Decompression

Emergency Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2020/2070157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Chia-Hung Hsu ◽

Tzu-Yin Lin ◽

Ju-Chi Ou ◽

Jiann Ruey Ong ◽

Hon-Ping Ma

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Chest Wall ◽

Body Mass ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Roc Curve ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Life Support ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Advanced Trauma Life Support ◽

Men And Women

Introduction. Emergency decompression is needed in patients with tension pneumothorax, a life-threatening condition. The catheter-based needle thoracostomy was suggested using a 5 cm catheter inserted into the 2nd intercostal space (ICS) and 5th ICS according to the ninth and tenth editions of Advanced Trauma Life Support, respectively. A catheter of suitable length may not be available immediately or the muscle structure of the chest wall may be modified in pneumothorax. Furthermore, alternative sites for needle thoracostomy and reference values of chest wall thickness (CWT) should be explored and warranted. Method. CT scan data and medical data of 650 eligible patients from October 2016 to December 2016 were reviewed. CWT values at four ICSs as well as four variables, namely, age, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) for both men and women were compared using a nonparametric method, namely, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The associations between CWT and the four variables were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The overall performance of BMI, weight, and height in predicting CWT > 5 cm was evaluated using the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Finally, the prediction models were built by using the bootstrap method. Results. Four variables, namely, age, height, weight, and BMI, were compared between the men and women groups. All four variables differed significantly between the two groups, and CWTs at all ICSs, except for the 3rd ICS, differed significantly between the two groups. Among the women, the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of BMI for predicting CWT > 5 cm at 2nd ICS was larger than the AUROC of weight and height. Among the men, the AUROC of weight for predicting CWT > 5 cm at 2nd ICS was larger than that of BMI and height. The reference value tables were provided for five proposed models for women and men, respectively. Under emergencies, the variable, BMI, or even weight itself, could be used for predicting a failure performance of the needle decompression. For women, CWT at 5th ICS was predicted over 5 cm at BMI over 25.9 kg/ m 2 or weight over 103.1 kg. For men, CWT at 5th ICS was predicted over 5 cm at BMI over 25.5 kg/ m 2 or weight over 157.4 kg. Conclusion. Needle thoracostomy is the preferred first technique for many emergency providers for decompression. Therefore, a reference table for safe needle thoracostomy decompression at four usual sites, namely, 2nd ICS, 3rd CIS, 4th ICS, and 5th ICS, was recommended, which will enable paramedics and emergency specialists to rapidly determine CWT at the appropriate ICSs during emergencies.

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Sex Differences in Morphine Analgesia

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-200011000-00018 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 93 (5) ◽

pp. 1245-1254 ◽

Cited By ~ 245

Author(s):

Elise Sarton ◽

Erik Olofsen ◽

Raymonda Romberg ◽

Jan den Hartigh ◽

Benjamin Kest ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Stimulus Intensity ◽

Pain Threshold ◽

Pain Tolerance ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Morphine Analgesia ◽

Men And Women ◽

Model Fits

Background Animal and human studies indicate the existence of important sex-related differences in opioid-mediated behavior. In this study the authors examined the influence of morphine on experimentally induced pain in healthy male and female volunteers. Methods Young healthy men and women (10 of each sex) received intravenous morphine (bolus 0.1-mg/kg dose followed by an infusion of 0.030 mg. kg-1. h-1 for 1 h). Pain threshold and pain tolerance in response to a gradual increase in transcutaneous electrical stimulation, as well as plasma concentrations of morphine and its major metabolites (morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide) were determined at regular intervals up to 7 h after the start of morphine infusion. A population pharmacodynamic model was used to analyze the morphine-induced changes in stimulus intensity. The improvement of the model fits by inclusion of covariates (sex, age, weight, lean body mass) was tested for significance. The model is characterized by baseline current, a rate constant for equilibrium between plasma and effect-site morphine concentrations (ke0), and analgesic potency (AC50, or the morphine concentration causing a 100% increase in stimulus intensity for response). Results The inclusion of the covariates age, weight, and lean body mass did not improve the model fits for any of the model parameters. For both pain threshold and tolerance, a significant dependency on sex was observed for the parameters ke0 (pain threshold: 0.0070 +/- 0.0013 (+/- SE) min-1 in men vs. 0.0030 +/- 0. 0005 min-1 in women; pain tolerance: 0.0073 +/- 0.0012 min-1 in men vs. 0.0024 +/- 0.0005 min-1 in women) and AC50 (pain threshold: 71.2 +/- 10.5 nm in men vs. 41.7 +/- 8.4 nm in women; pain tolerance: 76. 5 +/- 7.4 nm in men vs. 32.9 +/- 7.9 nm in women). Baseline currents were similar for both sexes: 21.4 +/- 1.6 mA for pain threshold and 39.1 +/- 2.3 mA for pain tolerance. Concentrations of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide did not differ between men and women. Conclusions These data show sex differences in morphine analgesia, with greater morphine potency but slower speed of onset and offset in women. The data are in agreement with observations of sex differences in morphine-induced respiratory depression and may explain higher postoperative opioid consumption in men relative to women.

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Sex-Limited Genome-Wide Linkage Scan for Body Mass Index in an Unselected Sample of 933 Australian Twin Families

Twin Research and Human Genetics ◽

10.1375/twin.8.6.616 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 616-632 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Belinda K. Cornes ◽

Sarah E. Medland ◽

Manuel A. R. Ferreira ◽

Katherine I. Morley ◽

David L. Duffy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Chromosome 8 ◽

Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Male Adult ◽

Men And Women ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Wide Range

AbstractGenes involved in pathways regulating body weight may operate differently in men and women. To determine whether sex-limited genes influence the obesity-related phenotype body mass index (BMI), we have conducted a general non- scalar sex-limited genome-wide linkage scan using variance components analysis in Mx (Neale, 2002). BMI measurements and genotypic data were available for 2053 Australian female and male adult twins and their siblings from 933 families. Clinical measures of BMI were available for 64.4% of these individuals, while only self-reported measures were available for the remaining participants. The mean age of participants was 39.0 years of age (SD 12.1 years). The use of a sex-limited linkage model identified areas on the genome where quantitative trait loci (QTL) effects differ between the sexes, particularly on chromosome 8 and 20, providing us with evidence that some of the genes responsible for BMI may have different effects in men and women. Our highest linkage peak was observed at 12q24 (–log10p = 3.02), which was near the recommended threshold for suggestive linkage (–log10p = 3.13). Previous studies have found evidence for a quantitative trait locus on 12q24 affecting BMI in a wide range of populations, and candidate genes for non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a consequence of obesity, have also been mapped to this region. We also identified many peaks near a –log10p of 2 (threshold for replicating an existing finding) in many areas across the genome that are within regions previously identified by other studies, as well as in locations that harbor genes known to influence weight regulation.

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