Perfil Antropométrico de Futbolistas profesionales de acuerdo a la posición ocupada en el Campo de Juego (Anthropometric profile of professional football players according to the position occupied in the playing field)

Objetivo: Analizar las características antropométricas de futbolistas profesionales del club deportivo Ñublense divididos de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el campo de juego. Método: Participaron ciento cincuenta y ocho (n=158) jugadores profesionales de Futbol divididos en Arqueros (AR) Defensas (DEF) Volantes (VOL) y Delanteros (DEL), todos pertenecientes al Club Deportivo Ñublense de la ciudad de Chillan, Chile. Se realizó una valoración de la composición corporal utilizando el fraccionamiento en 5 componentes, somatotipo, índice de masa corporal, suma de seis pliegues cutáneos y la relación músculo-óseo, siguiendo el protocolo de la International Society for the Advancements of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Resultados: En cuanto a la composición corporal se obtuvieron valores porcentuales de Masa Adiposa=21.7%, Masa Muscular=48.9%, Masa Residual=12.4%, Masa Osea=11.4% y Masa Piel=5.2%. En relación al somatotipo se obtuvo una clasificación mesomorfico balanceado con valores medios 2.5-5.4-2.1. Conclusión: Los jugadores profesionales del club de futbol Ñublense de acuerdo a la posición que ocupan en el terreno de juego, presentan un somatotipo similar al de otros futbolistas nacionales e internacionales, donde predomina el componente mesomórfico balanceado. Sin embargo, se observa una elevación de los porcentajes de masa adiposa (MA) y una menor talla, en comparación a futbolistas internacionales, lo que pueden determinar claras diferencias en el rendimiento respecto a las posiciones de juego en situaciones competitivas. Abstract. Objective: Analyze the anthropometric characteristics of Chilean professional soccer players divided according to the position they occupy in the field of play. Method: One hundred and fifty-eight (n = 158) professional soccer players divided into Archers (AR) Defenses (DEF) Volantes (VOL) and Forwards (FOR), with average Age values (24.2 ±4.76 years, body mass 75.0±7.28 kg and height 175.7±6.32 cm.), All belonging to the Ñublense Sports Club of the city of Chillan, Chile. An assessment of the body composition was made using the 5 component fractionation, somatotype, body mass index, sum of six skinfolds and the muscle-bone relationship, following the protocol of the International Society for the Advancements of Kinanthropometry. Results: Regarding body composition, mean values of Adipose Mass = 21.7%, Muscular Mass = 48.9%, Residual Mass = 12.4%, Bone Mass = 11.4% and Skin Mass = 5.2% were obtained. In relation to the somatotype, a balanced mesomorphic classification was obtained with mean values 2.5 - 5.4 - 2.1. Conclusion: According to the position they occupy on the pitch, the professional players of the Ñublense soccer club present a somatotype similar to that of other national and international soccer players, where the balanced mesomorphic component predominates. However, there is an increase in the percentages of adipose mass (AM) and a smaller stature, compared to international soccer players, which can determine clear differences in performance with respect to playing positions in competitive situations.

Visceral Adipose Mass and Radiation Pneumonitis After Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With Non-small-cell Lung Cancer

Aim: To investigate whether muscle and adipose mass are associated with radiation pneumonitis (RP) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer undergoing preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Patients and Methods: We calculated body mass index and determined skeletal muscle, psoas muscle, visceral adipose tissue (VAI), and subcutaneous adipose tissue indices, and visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue area ratio for patients using computed tomography. We examined their relationship with grade 2 or more RP. Results: Among 94 patients, 28 experienced grade 2 or more RP. On multivariate analysis, only VAI was associated with grade 2 or more RP (all p=0.026). The 6-month incidence rates of grade 2 or more RP were 21.4% and 36.8% in patients with VAI 39 and ≥39 cm2/m2, respectively. Conclusion: High visceral adipose mass is associated with grade 2 or more RP in patients undergoing preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Measuring visceral adipose mass may help to predict RP occurrence. Further studies are needed to validate our findings.

Relationship between the anthropometric profile and physical fitness of surfers and their dynamic postural balance

Introduction: Surfing is a discipline that has considerably increased the number of followers who practice this sport. Research has focused on describing the main variables associated with performance, but not the relationships that may exist between them. Objective: To establish the relationship of dynamic postural balance with respect to the anthropometric profile and physical aptitude in surfers. Material and method: This research is an observational and cross-sectional study of a descriptive-correlational type. The sample included 30 surfers (8 women and 22 men). The variables of the anthropometric profile studied were body mass, bipedal height, body mass index (BMI), sum of folds, body composition and somatotype. Furthermore, physical aptitude was assessed by indirect tests. The data of the anthropometric profile and physical aptitude were correlated with the results of the dynamic postural balance test (Y balance test). Results: For the anterior direction of the Y balance test, the variables that were significant were gender, body weight, bipedal height, sum of folds, adipose mass and Sargent’s jump height (R2 = 0.55). The posteromedial direction of the Y balance test yielded a significant model that indicates that gender, sum of folds and adipose mass are the variables that jointly predict dynamic postural balance (R2 = 0.30). For the posterolateral direction, the model indicates that the BMI, sum of folds, adipose mass, mesomorphism, ectomorphism and performance in the sit and reach test are the variables that influence the performance of the Y balance test (R2 = 0.55). Conclusion: Predictive models were established to determine anthropometric and physical condition variables that would be decisive for the performance of a surfer’s postural balance.

Novel Roles of Follistatin/Myostatin in Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Adipose Browning: Potential for Therapeutic Intervention in Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders

Obesity is a global health problem and a major risk factor for several metabolic conditions including dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. Obesity develops from chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Stimulation of cellular energy burning process has the potential to dissipate excess calories in the form of heat via the activation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in white and brown adipose tissues. Recent studies have shown that activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway significantly contributes to the development of obesity, and blockade or inhibition is reported to protect from obesity by promoting white adipose browning and increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. Identification of novel compounds that activate beige/brown adipose characteristics to burn surplus calories and reduce excess storage of fat are actively sought in the fight against obesity. In this review, we present recent developments in our understanding of key modulators of TGF-β signaling pathways including follistatin (FST) and myostatin (MST) in regulating adipose browning and brown adipose mass and activity. While MST is a key ligand for TGF-β family, FST can bind and regulate biological activity of several TGF-β superfamily members including activins, bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) and inhibins. Here, we review the literature supporting the critical roles for FST, MST and other proteins in modulating TGF-β signaling to influence beige and brown adipose characteristics. We further review the potential therapeutic utility of FST for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.

Evaluation of body composition, resting metabolic rate and frequency of metabolic disorders in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome

BACKGROUND: Kleinfelter syndrome (KS) is a common genetic disease characterized by hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. The high risk of developing of metabolic disorders in patients with KS is be explained by the presence of androgen deficiency, which leads to a decrease in the amount of lean soft mass and an increase of the adipose tissue content. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is determined by the amount of lean soft mass, and its reduction can contribute to weight gain and the progression of metabolic disorders in KS. AIM: Body composition, assessment of basal metabolism and metabolic profile in adolescents with KS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 28 adolescents with KS, comparable in age and stage of sexual maturation. All patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence of clinical laboratory signs of hypogonadism. Patients passed through the evaluation of metabolic profile, bioelectrical impedance analysis for the body composition and chamber-based indirect calorimetry for the evaluation of BMR. RESULTS: Normal indicants of body composition were determined in 20 (71.4%) adolescents, excess of adipose mass in 6 (21.4%) patients, and deficit of adipose mass in 7.2% of cases. Among 6 patients with excess of adipose mass, three were obese or overweight, while the rest had normal SDS body mass index (BMI). 64.3% of adolescents showed normal indicants of energy exchange at rest, 6 (21.4%) a decrease of BMR, 4 (14.3%) - an increase of BMR. A comparative analysis of patient groups did not reveal statistically significant differences in BMR adjusted to a lean soft mass (OO/TM) (p=0.36). Insulin resistance was detected in 11 patients (39.3%), and the incidence of dyslipidemia was 3.6%. The groups did not significantly differ in terms of glycemia levels in the fasted state and lipid profile indicants. CONCLUSION: Most adolescents with KS have normal indicants of body composition and basal metabolism, as well as a low frequency of metabolic disorders, regardless of the level of total testosterone in blood. In some patients with normal SDS BMI, excess of adipose mass is detected. The lack of correlation between the level of testosterone and the intensity of BMR may indicate a slight effect of androgen deficiency on energy exchange at rest in adolescents with KS.

The Combination of Low Skeletal Muscle Mass and High Tumor Interleukin-6 Associates with Decreased Survival in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) is frequently associated with cachexia which is itself associated with decreased survival and quality of life. We examined relationships among body phenotype, tumor gene expression, and survival. Demographic, clinical, computed tomography (CT) scans and tumor RNASeq for 217 ccRCC patients were acquired from the Cancer Imaging Archive and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Skeletal muscle and fat masses measured from CT scans and tumor cytokine gene expression were compared with survival by univariate and multivariate analysis. Patients in the lowest skeletal muscle mass (SKM) quartile had significantly shorter overall survival versus the top three SKM quartiles. Patients who fell into the lowest quartiles for visceral adipose mass (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose mass (SCAT) also demonstrated significantly shorter overall survival. Multiple tumor cytokines correlated with mortality, most strongly interleukin-6 (IL-6); high IL-6 expression was associated with significantly decreased survival. The combination of low SKM/high IL-6 was associated with significantly lower overall survival compared to high SKM/low IL-6 expression (26.1 months vs. not reached; p < 0.001) and an increased risk of mortality (HR = 5.95; 95% CI = 2.86–12.38). In conclusion, tumor cytokine expression, body composition, and survival are closely related, with low SKM/high IL-6 expression portending worse prognosis in ccRCC.

Analysis of body weight of adults by different indirect methods

Anthropometry is considered a widely applicable and effective method to track adiposity. Among the current methods of anthropometric analysis are the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the Waist Hip Index (ICQ) are utilized. However, both presents limitations because they fail to estimate the adiposity. In this sense, recently the Body Adiposity Index (IAC) emerged as an important tool in the adipose mass evaluation of large populations. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate adults aged between 18 and 50 years through BMI, IAC and ICQ and to analyze the agreement degree between the methods. A total of 2602 individuals were analyzed, of which 1457 were women and 1145 men. After analyzing the data, it was verified that the majority of the population are within the standards of men was classified as not overweight only for ICQ and women for BMI and ICQ. In contrast the population of men is classified as healthy only for ICQ and women for BMI and ICQ. Concerning the agreement between the methods, only a positive and significant agreement between BMI and IAC was observed. Therefore, it can be concluded that IAC is an alternative for assessing body composition, showing a good method to estimate the percentage of total body fat of men and women, thus increasing the possibilities of diagnosis of obesity and overweight.