scholarly journals The effect of spaceflight on mouse olfactory bulb volume, neurogenesis, and cell death indicates the protective effect of novel environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 1593-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Latchney ◽  
Phillip D. Rivera ◽  
Xiao W. Mao ◽  
Virginia L. Ferguson ◽  
Ted A. Bateman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
And Function ◽  
Opposing Effects

Space missions necessitate physiological and psychological adaptations to environmental factors not present on Earth, some of which present significant risks for the central nervous system (CNS) of crewmembers. One CNS region of interest is the adult olfactory bulb (OB), as OB structure and function are sensitive to environmental- and experience-induced regulation. It is currently unknown how the OB is altered by spaceflight. In this study, we evaluated OB volume and neurogenesis in mice shortly after a 13-day flight on Space Shuttle Atlantis [Space Transport System (STS)-135] relative to two groups of control mice maintained on Earth. Mice housed on Earth in animal enclosure modules that mimicked the conditions onboard STS-135 (AEM-Ground mice) had greater OB volume relative to mice maintained in standard housing on Earth (Vivarium mice), particularly in the granule (GCL) and glomerular (GL) cell layers. AEM-Ground mice also had more OB neuroblasts and fewer apoptotic cells relative to Vivarium mice. However, the AEM-induced increase in OB volume and neurogenesis was not seen in STS-135 mice (AEM-Flight mice), suggesting that spaceflight may have negated the positive effects of the AEM. In fact, when OB volume of AEM-Flight mice was considered, there was a greater density of apoptotic cells relative to AEM-Ground mice. Our findings suggest that factors present during spaceflight have opposing effects on OB size and neurogenesis, and provide insight into potential strategies to preserve OB structure and function during future space missions.

scholarly journals Heterochronic Parabiosis: Old Blood Induces Changes in Mitochondrial Structure and Function of Young Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny L Gonzalez-Armenta ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Rae-Ling Lee ◽  
Baisong Lu ◽  
Anthony J A Molina
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mitochondrial Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Young Mice

Abstract Heterochronic parabiosis models have been utilized to demonstrate the role of blood-borne circulating factors in systemic effects of aging. In previous studies, heterochronic parabiosis has shown positive effects across multiple tissues in old mice. More recently, a study demonstrated old blood had a more profound negative effect on muscle performance and neurogenesis of young mice. In this study, we used heterochronic parabiosis to test the hypothesis that circulating factors mediate mitochondrial bioenergetic decline, a well-established biological hallmark of aging. We examined mitochondrial morphology, expression of mitochondrial complexes, and mitochondrial respiration from skeletal muscle of mice connected as heterochronic pairs, as well as young and old isochronic controls. Our results indicate that young heterochronic mice had significantly lower total mitochondrial content and on average had significantly smaller mitochondria compared to young isochronic controls. Expression of complex IV followed a similar pattern: young heterochronic mice had a trend for lower expression compared to young isochronic controls. Additionally, respirometric analyses indicate that young heterochronic mice had significantly lower complex I, complex I + II, and maximal mitochondrial respiration and a trend for lower complex II-driven respiration compared to young isochronic controls. Interestingly, we did not observe significant improvements in old heterochronic mice compared to old isochronic controls, demonstrating the profound deleterious effects of circulating factors from old mice on mitochondrial structure and function. We also found no significant differences between the young and old heterochronic mice, demonstrating that circulating factors can be a driver of age-related differences in mitochondrial structure and function.

Structure and Function of Three Suberized Cell Layers

Plant Roots ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 5-1-5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Meyer ◽  
Carol Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
And Function

P896Effects of tafamidis in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Rettl ◽  
F Duca ◽  
C Binder ◽  
C Capelle ◽  
S Aschauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Global Longitudinal Strain ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Cardiac Structure ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cardiac Structure And Function ◽  
Amyloid Cardiomyopathy ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CA) is caused by deposition of amyloid fibrils in the myocardium. The deposition occurs when transthyretin (TTR) becomes unstable and misfolds. Tafamidis is a kinetic stabilizer of TTR that prevents tetramer dissociation and amyloidogenesis by TTR. Methods Eighteen patients with diagnosis of ATTR-CA (hATTR or wtATTR) from our national amyloidosis registry were treated with 20 mg of tafamidis for a period of six months. In our explorative analysis we aimed to evaluate the effects of tafamdis by changes from baseline of the serum NT-proBNP concentration, 6-minute walking distance, as well as cardiac structure and function. Results The exploratory analysis showed a decrease in serum NT-proBNP concentration in tafamidis treated patients, compared to increase in untreated patients (median difference, −481.0 pg/mL). Tafamidis improved the walking distance during the 6-minute walk test at month six, compared to baseline (mean, 31.25 m). Echocardiographic findings revealed an improvement of the global longitudinal strain (mean, 0.77%), a decrease in left atrial size (mean, −1.65 mm) and a decrease in left ventricular size (mean, −4.13 mm) in tafamidis treated patients compared to untreated patients. Due to insufficient power the results did not differ significantly between tafamidis treated patients and untreated patients. Change from baseline Tafamidis No treatment Treatment Difference p-value Cardiac Biomarkers n=18 n=15   NT-proBNP, ng/L Baseline, median 2740.0 2835.0 CFB to 6 months, median −207.0 274.0 −481.0 0.329 Functional Status n=8 n=7   6MWT, m Baseline, mean 441.00 420.50 CFB to 6 months, mean 31.25 −16.50 +47.75 0.373 Echocardiogram n=17 n=15   LA, mm Baseline, mean 63.41 61.33 CFB to 6 months, mean −1.65 0.60 −2.25   LV, mm Baseline, mean 44.13 41.80 CFB to 6 months, mean −4.13 0.33 −4.46 0.075   LV wall thickness, mm Baseline, mean 22.06 18.47 CFB to 6 months, mean 0.68 −0.60 +1.28 0.055   Longitudinal strain, % Baseline, mean −10.66 −12.42 CFB to 6 months, mean 0.77 −1.03 +1.80 0.652 MRI n=7 n=6   ECV, % Baseline, mean 52.26 44.22 CFB to 6 months, mean 0.81 3.70 − 2.89 0.493   LV mass, g Baseline, mean 187.71 170.33 CFB to 6 months, mean 24.29 19,67 +4.62 0.612 Conclusion Treatment with tafamidis for a period of six months in patients with ATTR-CA leads to positive effects on NT-proBNP level, 6-minute walking distance, as well as cardiac structure and function compared to untreated patients.

scholarly journals Opposing effects of collagen I and vitronectin on fibronectin fibril structure and function

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace D. Gildner ◽  
Daniel C. Roy ◽  
Christopher S. Farrar ◽  
Denise C. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Collagen I ◽  
Fibril Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
Opposing Effects

scholarly journals Polysaccharides in Human Health Care

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan E.G. van Dam ◽  
Lambertus A.M. van den Broek ◽  
Carmen G. Boeriu
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Detoxification System ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Polysaccharides are abundant natural polymers found in plants, animals and microorganisms with exceptional properties and essential roles to sustain life. They are well known for their high nutritive value and the positive effects on our immune and digestive functions and detoxification system. The knowledge and recognition of the important role they play for promoting and maintaining human health and wellbeing is continuously increasing. This review describes some important polysaccharides (e.g. mucilages and gums, glycosamine glycans and chitin/chitosan) and their medical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, with emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. Next, the use of polysaccharides as nutraceuticals and vaccines is discussed in more detail. An analysis of the trends and challenges in polysaccharide research concludes the paper.

scholarly journals Modulation of Tight Junction Structure and Function by Kinases and Phosphatases Targeting Occludin

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Johannes Dörfel ◽  
Otmar Huber
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
And Function ◽  
Junction Structure

Tight junctions (TJs) typically represent the most apical contacts in epithelial and endothelial cell layers where they play an essential role in the separation of extracellular or luminal spaces from underlying tissues in the body. Depending on the protein composition, TJs define the barrier characteristics and in addition maintain cell polarity. Two major families of integral membrane proteins form the typical TJ strand network, the tight junction-associated MARVEL protein (TAMP) family members occludin, tricellulin, and MarvelD3 as well as a specific set of claudins. Occludin was the first identified member of these tetraspanins and is now widely accepted as a regulator of TJ assembly and function. Therefore, occludin itself has to be tightly regulated. Phosphorylation of occludin appears to be of central importance in this context. Here we want to summarize current knowledge on the kinases and phosphatases directly modifying occludin, and their role in the regulation of TJ structure, function, and dynamics.

scholarly journals The Meditative Mind: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of MRI Studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Boccia ◽  
Laura Piccardi ◽  
Paola Guariglia
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Meditation Practice ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Over the past decade mind and body practices, such as yoga and meditation, have raised interest in different scientific fields; in particular, the physiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects observed in meditators have been investigated. Neuroimaging studies have studied the effects of meditation on brain structure and function and findings have helped clarify the biological underpinnings of the positive effects of meditation practice and the possible integration of this technique in standard therapy. The large amount of data collected thus far allows drawing some conclusions about the neural effects of meditation practice. In the present study we used activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis to make a coordinate-based meta-analysis of neuroimaging data on the effects of meditation on brain structure and function. Results indicate that meditation leads to activation in brain areas involved in processing self-relevant information, self-regulation, focused problem-solving, adaptive behavior, and interoception. Results also show that meditation practice induces functional and structural brain modifications in expert meditators, especially in areas involved in self-referential processes such as self-awareness and self-regulation. These results demonstrate that a biological substrate underlies the positive pervasive effect of meditation practice and suggest that meditation techniques could be adopted in clinical populations and to prevent disease.

scholarly journals Positive Effects of Perindopril on Microvascular Vessels in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Kardiologiia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
J. I. Safonova ◽  
M. V. Kozhevnikova ◽  
Yu. A. Danilogorskaya ◽  
E. A. Zheleznykh ◽  
V. Y. Zektser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Heart Failure ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Function

Aim      To evaluate the effect of 12-month perindopril treatment on structure and function of microvasculature (MV) in patients with chronic heart failure with preserved (HFpEF) and intermediate (HFiEF) left ventricular ejection fraction.Material and methods  30 patients with HFpEF and HFiEF were evaluated. Perindopril at a maximum tolerated dose was administered to all patients for 12 months. Changes in MV structure and function were assessed with photoplethysmography and capillaroscopy prior to the treatment onset and at 12 months, i.e., after completion of the perindopril treatment.Results The 12-month perindopril treatment was associated with improvement of the endothelial function evident as increases in the occlusion index (OI) and the phase shift (PS). OI increased from 1.45 [1.3; 1.6] to 1.8 [1.6; 2.2] (p=0.00004). PS increased from 7.1 ms [4.8; 10.2] to 9.2 ms [6.7; 13.2] (p=0.0003). Stiffness of muscular large blood vessels was decreased. Arterial stiffness index (aSI) decreased from 8.8 [6.6; 11.0] to 7.45 [6.5; 9.4] m /s (р=0.01). The perindopril treatment was associated with increased density of the capillary network at rest (р=0.008) and in tests with venous occlusion (р=0.003) and reactive hyperemia (р=0.0003).Conclusion      The study showed an improvement of endothelial function associated with the 12-month perindopril therapy in patients with HFpEF and HFiEF.  

Xeromorphic Leaves of Hakea suaveolens R. Br. IV. Ontogeny, Structure and Function of the Sclereids

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
HS Heide-Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Palisade Tissue ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Functional Point ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Osteosclereids in the leaves of Hakea suaveolens are investigated from a developmental, structural and functional point of view. The sclereid initial cell is located outermost in a boundary parenchyma comprising 1-3 cell layers next to the palisade tissue. Boundary parenchyma cells, including sclereid initial cells, are the first cells to accumulate starch. Acid phosphatase was localised during development of sclereids and palisade cells. The outer ramifications of the sclereid form a pseudohypodermis, and the inner ramifications penetrate 1-3 cell layers inwards, making contact with specialised cells (tracheoids) of the vein endings and with fibres. The sclereids do not become lignified in the outer ramifications, and they remain alive as long as the leaf itself. Water pathways were localised by addition of the fluorochrome berberine sulfate to the transpiration stream. It is concluded that, besides giving mechanical strength, the sclereids are also important as vein extensions and that, like bundle sheath extensions, they conduct water to the epidermis and directly to both palisade layers. The percentage of the cross-sectional leaf area occupied by lignified water-conducting cells, including sclereids, is higher than in many other cylindrical, xeromorphic leaves. There are about 200 sclereids per square millimetre of palisade tissue in sun leaves, but the number falls in shade leaves and after fertilisation with nitrate and phosphate.

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