Immediate Changes in Anticipatory Activity of Caudate Neurons Associated With Reversal of Position-Reward Contingency

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1879-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi Watanabe ◽  
Okihide Hikosaka
Keyword(s):  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Reward Contingency ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reward Contingencies ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

The primate caudate nucleus plays a crucial role in transforming cognitive/motivational information into eye movement signals. A subset of caudate projection neurons fire before a visual target's onset. This anticipatory activity is sensitive to position-reward contingencies and correlates with saccade latency, which is shorter toward a rewarded position. We recorded single-unit activity of caudate projection neurons to examine the dynamics of change in anticipatory activity immediately after switches of the position-reward contingency. Two monkeys performed a visually guided saccade task where only one position was associated with reward. The position-reward mapping remained constant within a block, but was reversed frequently between blocks without any indication to the monkey. Therefore the switch could be detected only by unexpected reward delivery or unexpected lack of reward. After the switch, both saccade latency and anticipatory activity showed reliable changes already in the second trial, whether or not the first trial was rewarded. However, anticipatory activity in the second trial was generally higher if the first trial was rewarded, and the measured saccade latencies could be better explained by the difference in anticipatory activity between the two caudate nuclei. We suggest that anticipatory activity of caudate neurons reflects the reversal set of reward-position contingency.

scholarly journals Activity of primate V1 neurons during the gap saccade task

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 1361-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayeon Kim ◽  
Choongkil Lee
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Saccade Task

The link between neural activity in monkey primary visual cortex (V1) and visually guided behavioral response is confirmed with the gap saccade paradigm. Results indicated that the variability in neural latency of V1 spike activity correlates with the gap effect on saccade latency and that the trial-to-trial variability in the state of V1 before the onset of saccade target correlates with the variability in neural and behavioral latencies.

Abnormalities of internally generated saccades in obsessive–compulsive disorder

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1377-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MARUFF ◽  
R. PURCELL ◽  
P. TYLER ◽  
C. PANTELIS ◽  
J. CURRIE
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
The Difference

Background. We aimed to utilize tests of saccadic function to investigate whether cognitive abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) arise from a dysfunction of inhibitory processes or whether they reflect a more general difficulty in guiding behaviour on the basis of an internal representation of task goal.Methods. Twelve patients with OCD and 12 matched controls performed a visually-guided saccade task, a volitional prosaccade task and an antisaccade task. The latency and gain of saccades was compared between groups for the three saccade tasks. The number of antisaccade errors was also calculated and compared between groups.Results. There was no difference for antisaccade error rates between the groups. The latency of visually guided saccades did not differ between groups, however the latency of both volitional prosaccades and antisaccades was significantly slower in the patients with OCD than in controls. The difference in latency between volitional prosacades and antisaccades, however, was equal between groups.Conclusions. These results suggest that patients with OCD have an abnormality in guiding behaviour on the basis of an internal representation of the task goal, rather than a problem with inhibiting reflexive behaviour.

Quantitative Assessment of the Timing and Tuning of Visual-Related, Saccade-Related, and Delay Period Activity in Primate Central Thalamus

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 2029-2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie T. Wyder ◽  
Dino P. Massoglia ◽  
Terrence R. Stanford
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Behavioral Requirement ◽  
Central Thalamus

This study investigates the visuomotor properties of several nuclei within primate central thalamus. These nuclei, which might be considered components of an oculomotor thalamus (OcTh), are found within and at the borders of the internal medullary lamina. These nuclei have extensive anatomical links to numerous cortical and subcortical visuomotor areas including the frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, caudate, and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Previous single-unit recordings have shown that neurons in OcTh respond during self-paced spontaneous saccades and to visual stimuli in the absence of any specific behavioral requirement, but a thorough account of the activity of these areas in association with voluntary, goal-directed movement is lacking. We recorded activity from single neurons in primate central thalamus during performance of a visually guided delayed saccade task. The sample consisted primarily of neurons from the centrolateral and paracentral intralaminar nuclei and paralaminar regions of the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei. Neurons responsive to sensory, delay, and motor phases of the task were observed in each region, with many neurons modulated during multiple task periods. Across the population, variation in the quality and timing of saccade-contingent activity suggested participation in functions ranging from generating a saccade (presaccadic) to registering its consequences (e.g., efference copy). Finally, many neurons were found to carry spatial information during the delay period, suggesting a role for central thalamus in higher-order aspects of visuomotor control.

scholarly journals Normobaric Hypoxia with a Simple Saccade Task Reveals Latent Performance Deficits in Service Members Affected by Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1455-1460
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Aura ◽  
Leonard A. Temme ◽  
Paul M. St.Onge ◽  
Thomas J. DeGraba ◽  
Joseph Bleiberg
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Delayed Recovery ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
The Difference

82.3% of the traumatic brain injuries that U.S. Service Members and civilians sustain are concussions, also termed mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI). Although the effects of concussion are relatively easy to diagnose in the acute phase, diagnosis remains difficult during the chronic phase. Here, we present data demonstrating improved sensitivity to oculomotor deficits of chronic mTBI through the use of a normorbaric hypoxic stress paradigm that approximates the partial pressure of oxygen encountered at about 13,000 feet above mean sea level. Saccadic performance was compared between mTBI and healthy control groups across normoxia, hypoxia, and finally upon return to normoxia. When compared to healthy controls at initial normoxia, the mTBI group showed a trend to poorer performance. At hypoxia and on return-to-normoxia, the difference between the groups increased to become statistically significant. Thus, hypoxia resulted in an increased saccadic impairment in the mTBI group, and, perhaps more importantly, the mTBI group evidenced a delayed recovery upon return to normoxia.

scholarly journals Correlation of Primate Caudate Neural Activity and Saccade Parameters in Reward-Oriented Behavior

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1774-1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideaki Itoh ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakahara ◽  
Okihide Hikosaka ◽  
Reiko Kawagoe ◽  
Yoriko Takikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Saccade Velocity ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Courses

Changes in the reward context are associated with changes in neuronal activity in the basal ganglia as well as changes in motor outputs. A typical example is found in the caudate (CD) projection neurons and saccade parameters. It raised the possibility that the changes in CD neuronal activity contribute to the changes in saccade parameters. To examine this possibility, we calculated the correlation coefficients (CORs) of the firing rates of each neuron with saccade parameters (peak saccade velocity and latency) on a trial-by-trial basis. We then calculated the mean CORs separately for two CD populations: reward-enhanced type neurons (RENs) that showed enhanced activity and reward-depressed type neurons (RDNs) that showed depressed activity when reward was expected. The activity of RENs was positively correlated with the saccadic peak velocity and negatively correlated with the saccade latency. The activity of RDNs was not significantly correlated with the saccade parameters. We further analyzed the CORs for RENs, a major type of CD neurons. First, we examined the time courses of the CORs using a moving time window (duration: 200 ms). The positive correlation with the saccade velocity and the negative correlation with the saccade latency were present not only in the peri-saccadic period but also during the pre- and postcue periods. Second, we asked whether the CORs with the saccade parameters were direction-selective. A majority of RENs were more active before contralateral saccades (contralateral-preferring neurons) and their activity was correlated more strongly with contralateral saccades than with ipsilateral saccades. A minority of RENs, ipsilateral-preferring neurons, showed no such preference. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CD neuronal activity exerts facilitatory effects on contralateral saccades and that the effects start well before saccade execution. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis indicated that changes in activity of some, but not all, CD neurons could be explained by changes in saccade parameters; a major determinant was reward context (presence or absence of reward). These results suggest that, while a majority of CD neurons receive reward-related signals, only some of them can make a significant contribution to change saccadic outputs based on expected reward.

Cocaine-induced Impulsive Choices Are Accompanied by Impaired Delay-dependent Anticipatory Activity in Basolateral Amygdala

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfang Zuo ◽  
Xinsheng Wang ◽  
Cailian Cui ◽  
Fei Luo ◽  
Peng Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Delayed Reinforcement ◽  
Cocaine Exposure ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
Chronic Cocaine ◽  
Delay Dependence ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Delay Dependent

Addicts and drug-experienced animals have decision-making deficits in delayed reinforcement choice task, in which they prefer small immediate rewards over large delayed rewards. Here, we show evidence that this deficit is accompanied by changed coding of delay length in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). A subset of neurons in BLA demonstrated delay-dependent anticipatory activity (either increase or decrease as a function of delay to reward) in naive rats. After 30 days of withdrawal from chronic cocaine treatment (30 mg/kg/day for 10 days ip), the proportion of delay-dependent anticipatory neurons reduced, whereas delay-dependent activity in response to elapsed delay after reward delivery increased, both in the proportion of delay-dependent neurons and in the extent of delay dependence. Cocaine exposure increased, instead of decreased, BLA neuronal expectation for different reward magnitudes. These results indicate that BLA is critical for representing and maintaining the information of delayed reward before its delivery, and cocaine exposure may affect decision-making by impairing perception of delay instead of the ability to assess the differences in reward size.

A Possible Role of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Short- and Long-Term Adaptation of Saccades to Position-Reward Mapping

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 2520-2529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoriko Takikawa ◽  
Reiko Kawagoe ◽  
Okihide Hikosaka
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
Midbrain Dopamine

Dopamine (DA) neurons respond to sensory stimuli that predict reward. To understand how DA neurons acquire such ability, we trained monkeys on a one-direction-rewarded version of memory-guided saccade task (1DR) only when we recorded from single DA neurons. In 1DR, position-reward mapping was changed across blocks of trials. In the early stage of training of 1DR, DA neurons responded to reward delivery; in the later stages, they responded predominantly to the visual cue that predicted reward or no reward (reward predictor) differentially. We found that such a shift of activity from reward to reward predictor also occurred within a block of trials after position-reward mapping was altered. A main effect of long-term training was to accelerate the within-block reward-to-predictor shift of DA neuronal responses. The within-block shift appeared first in the intermediate stage, but was slow, and DA neurons often responded to the cue that indicated reward in the preceding block. In the advanced stage, the reward-to-predictor shift occurred quickly such that the DA neurons' responses to visual cues faithfully matched the current position-reward mapping. Changes in the DA neuronal responses co-varied with the reward-predictive differentiation of saccade latency both in short-term (within-block) and long-term adaptation. DA neurons' response to the fixation point also underwent long-term changes until it occurred predominantly in the first trial within a block. This might trigger a switch between the learned sets. These results suggest that midbrain DA neurons play an essential role in adapting oculomotor behavior to frequent switches in position-reward mapping.

Activity in the caudate nucleus of monkey during spatial sequencing

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 911-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kermadi ◽  
J. P. Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Sequence Specificity ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Central Fixation

1. There are indications that the execution of behavioral sequences involves the basal ganglia. In this study we examined the role of the caudate nucleus in the construction, storage, and execution of spatial plans. 2. Two monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were trained to perform sequences of saccades and arm movements. The animals had to remember the order of illumination, variable from one sequence to another, of three fixed spatial targets. After a delay, they had to visually orient toward, and press each target in the same order. Six different sequences were executed on the basis of the order of illumination of the targets. Single cell activity was recorded from the four caudate nuclei of the two monkeys. 3. Neural activity was analyzed in each sequence during 10 different periods: the instruction period in which the targets were illuminated, the three orientation periods toward the different targets, the three postsaccadic periods, and the three periods of target pressing. Statistical comparisons were made to detect differences between the different sequences with respect to activity in each period (sequence specificity). 4. A total of 2,100 neurons were studied, of which 387 were task related. The task-related cells were found in both the head and the body of the caudate nucleus. 5. During central fixation, anticipatory activity (n = 81) preceded onset of specific events. Four groups were considered: 1) neurons (n = 46) anticipating offset of the central fixation point, 2) neurons (n = 7) anticipating the illumination of any target, regardless of its spatial position or order of presentation (rank), 3) neurons (n = 17) anticipating the illumination of the first target, regardless of its spatial position, and 4) neurons (n = 11) anticipating the illumination of a given target, regardless of its rank. 6. Phasic visual responses to target onset were observed in 48 cells. The cells responded primarily to the contralateral and upper targets. In a majority (n = 35), visual responses were modulated by the rank of the target(s). Many cells (n = 20) responded only if the corresponding target was first; other cells responded only if the target was second or if it had complex time relationships with the other targets. 7. The responses of the cells to the same instruction stimuli repeated twice in a row, and under the condition that the animal did not behaviorally use the first instruction in between, were tested. More than one-third of the tested cells (n = 14) did not respond, or responded very weakly, to the second instruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document