Abnormalities of internally generated saccades in obsessive–compulsive disorder

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1377-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. MARUFF ◽  
R. PURCELL ◽  
P. TYLER ◽  
C. PANTELIS ◽  
J. CURRIE
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
The Difference

Background. We aimed to utilize tests of saccadic function to investigate whether cognitive abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) arise from a dysfunction of inhibitory processes or whether they reflect a more general difficulty in guiding behaviour on the basis of an internal representation of task goal.Methods. Twelve patients with OCD and 12 matched controls performed a visually-guided saccade task, a volitional prosaccade task and an antisaccade task. The latency and gain of saccades was compared between groups for the three saccade tasks. The number of antisaccade errors was also calculated and compared between groups.Results. There was no difference for antisaccade error rates between the groups. The latency of visually guided saccades did not differ between groups, however the latency of both volitional prosaccades and antisaccades was significantly slower in the patients with OCD than in controls. The difference in latency between volitional prosacades and antisaccades, however, was equal between groups.Conclusions. These results suggest that patients with OCD have an abnormality in guiding behaviour on the basis of an internal representation of the task goal, rather than a problem with inhibiting reflexive behaviour.

Saccadic abnormalities in psychotropic-naive obsessive–compulsive disorder without co-morbidity

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1321-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIC J. van der WEE ◽  
HANS H. HARDEMAN ◽  
NICK F. RAMSEY ◽  
MATHIJS RAEMAEKERS ◽  
HAROLD J. VAN MEGEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Normal Error ◽  
Fixation Task ◽  
Oriented Research

Background. Oculomotor studies have found saccadic abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), lending support for models postulating a central role for inhibition in OCD. Saccadic abnormalities in OCD may also be potential candidates for a biological marker, important for more endophenotype-oriented research. Saccadic abnormalities have not been examined in psychotropic-naive patients with OCD without co-morbidity.Method. We compared the error rates and latencies of 14 carefully selected adult psychotropic-naive patients with OCD with no co-morbid diagnosis and 14 pairwise matched healthy controls on a fixation task, on a prosaccade task and on an antisaccade task.Results. Patients with OCD showed normal error rates on all tasks, but latencies on the antisaccade task were significantly increased.Conclusions. Our results indicate that patients with OCD have no gross impairment of oculomotor inhibitory capacities, but may have a disturbed capacity to deliberately initiate a saccade to an imagined target.

Correlational research on facial and clinical characteristics of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanrong Wang ◽  
Shaohua Chang ◽  
Xiaomin Ma ◽  
Jiying Li ◽  
Ruixia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Correlational Research ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract We examined the relationship between facial morphological features and clinical characteristics of adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The enrolled study sample comprised 40 adolescents diagnosed with OCD using the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory Child Version (OCI-CV) and 38 healthy controls (HCs). Facial photos, 21 facial diameters, and nine facial angles were collected using image software. In males, lower lip red height was significantly lower in OCD patients than in HCs (P < 0.05); no significant differences were observed in other facial indicators (all P > 0.05). In females, the nasolabial angle was smaller in OCD patients than in HCs (P < 0.05); no significant differences were observed in other facial indicators (all P > 0.05). The difference in lower lip red height between the OCD group and HC group was positively correlated with mental neutralization symptoms (r = 0.401, P < 0.05). Our findings highlight the relationship between facial and clinical characteristics in OCD patients.

Predictive and visually-guided saccades in obsessive-compulsive disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
R.H. Farber ◽  
B.A. Clementz ◽  
M.N. Lam ◽  
N.R. Swerdlow
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

scholarly journals Is the Finding of Obsessional Behaviour Relevant to the Differental Diagnosis of Vascular Dementia of the Binswanger Type?

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Whilst carrying out a pilot study with a structured questionnaire examining the difference in insight between a group of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and a second group with Vascular Dementia of the Binswanger Type, the incidental observation was made that the group of patients with Vascular Dementia of the Binswanger Type demonstrated more obsessional behaviour than the group of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. The obsessional behaviour differed from classical obsessive compulsive disorder insofar as the subjects were unaware of it whilst at the same time resisting change.

d-Cycloserine Addition to Exposure Sessions in the Treatment of Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. de Leeuw ◽  
H.J.G.M. van Megen ◽  
R.S. Kahn ◽  
H.G.M. Westenberg
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Exposure Sessions

AbstractBackgroundPreliminary studies have shown that the addition of the partial NMDA-agonist d-cycloserine (DCS) might be promising in enhancing the results of exposure therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We examined the effect of DCS addition to exposure therapy in a somewhat larger sample of OCD patients with special attention to subgroups, because of the heterogeneity of OCD.MethodsA randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial was conducted in 39 patients with OCD. Patients received 6 guided exposure sessions, once a week. One hour before each session 125 mg DCS or placebo was administered.ResultsScores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) declined more in the DCS group than in the placebo group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.076, partial η2 = 0.13). Response percentages also did not differ between the DCS and the placebo group (37% and 15% respectively). In the ‘cleaning/contamination’ subgroup a significant effect was found in favour of DCS (P = 0.033, partial η2 = 0.297).ConclusionsThe results of this study did not support the application of DCS to exposure therapy in OCD. Some specific aspects need further investigation: efficacy of DCS in a larger ‘cleaning/contamination’ (sub-)group, DCS addition only after successful sessions, interaction with antidepressants.

scholarly journals Felt but not seen: Observed restricted repetitive behaviors are associated with self-report—but not parent-report—obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in youth with autism spectrum disorder

Autism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 983-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee A Santore ◽  
Alan Gerber ◽  
Ayla N Gioia ◽  
Rebecca Bianchi ◽  
Fanny Talledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Restricted And Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Difference

Repetitive behaviors are observed in autism spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinically, obsessive-compulsive disorder obsessions are thought to drive repetitive or ritualistic behavior designed to neutralize subjective distress, while restricted and repetitive behaviors are theorized to be reward- or sensory-driven. Both behaviors are notably heterogeneous and often assessed with parent- or clinician-report, highlighting the need for multi-informant, multi-method approaches. We evaluated the relationship between parent- and child self-reported obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms with parent-reported and clinician-indexed restricted and repetitive behaviors among 92 youth with autism spectrum disorder (ages 7–17 years). Regression analyses controlling for the social communication and interaction component of parent-reported autism spectrum disorder symptoms indicated child self-reported, but not parent-reported, symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder were associated with clinician-observed restricted and repetitive behaviors. Although both parent- and child self-reported obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms were associated with parent-reported restricted and repetitive behaviors, the overlap between parent-reports of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and restricted and repetitive behaviors were likely driven by their shared method of parent-reported measurement. Results suggest that children experience restricted and repetitive behaviors in ways that more closely resemble traditional obsessive-compulsive disorder-like compulsions, whereas their parents view such behaviors as symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. These findings provide guidance for better understanding, distinguishing, and ultimately treating obsessive-compulsive disorder behavior in youth with autism spectrum disorder and introduce new conceptualizations of the phenotypic overlap between these conditions. Lay abstract Youth with autism spectrum disorder often exhibit symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder; however, it can be difficult for parents and clinicians to tell the difference between the restricted and repetitive behaviors often seen in autism spectrum disorder and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. This difficulty in distinguishing symptoms may arise from the fact that these symptoms appear the same to observers but are typically differentiated based on whether the motivation for the behavior is to reduce stress (restricted and repetitive behaviors) or whether the behavior itself is stressful (obsessive-compulsive disorder). It is important to know the difference between these two symptoms as it may impact the treatment prescribed. The goal of this study was to better determine the difference between restricted and repetitive behaviors and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in youth with autism spectrum disorder. It was found that although parents and clinicians had trouble differentiating between the two, the children were able to provide insight as to their own motivations for behavior, and thus whether they were restricted and repetitive behaviors or symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It was also found that children may actually have subjective negative experiences when engaging in restricted and repetitive behaviors, which complicates their classification. These results provide guidance for better understanding, distinguishing, and ultimately treating obsessive-compulsive disorder behavior in youth with autism spectrum disorder.

scholarly journals A population-based family clustering study of tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustaf Brander ◽  
Ralf Kuja-Halkola ◽  
Mina A. Rosenqvist ◽  
Christian Rück ◽  
Eva Serlachius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Familial Patterns

Abstract In the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) included a new “tic-related” specifier. However, strong evidence supporting tic-related OCD as a distinct subtype of OCD is lacking. This study investigated whether, at the population level, tic-related OCD has a stronger familial load than non-tic-related OCD. From a cohort of individuals born in Sweden between 1967 and 2007 (n = 4,085,367; 1257 with tic-related OCD and 20,975 with non-tic-related OCD), we identified all twins, full siblings, maternal and paternal half siblings, and cousins. Sex- and birth year-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were calculated to estimate the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with OCD with and without comorbid tics, compared with relatives of unaffected individuals. We found that OCD is a familial disorder, regardless of comorbid tic disorder status. However, the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with tic-related OCD was considerably greater than the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with non-tic-related OCD (e.g., risk for full siblings: aHR = 10.63 [95% CI, 7.92–14.27] and aHR = 4.52 [95% CI, 4.06–5.02], respectively; p value for the difference < 0.0001). These differences remained when the groups were matched by age at first OCD diagnosis and after various sensitivity analyses. The observed familial patterns of OCD in relation to tics were not seen in relation to other neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Tic-related OCD is a particularly familial subtype of OCD. The results have important implications for ongoing gene-searching efforts.

Investigation of affective temperaments and chronobiology in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S203-S204
Author(s):  
A. Sakalli Kani ◽  
C. Aksoy Poyraz ◽  
B.C. Poyraz ◽  
M.R. Bayar
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Healthy Group ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Affective Temperaments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Subsyndromal Symptoms

IntroductionComorbid mood disorders affect negatively the prognosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Affective temperaments are assumed to be subsyndromal symptoms and precursors of mood disorders but its effects on OCD outcome remain unclear. There is a body of evidence, which supports the association between circadian rhythm disturbances and mood disorders in literature. In contrast, there is limited data concerning the effects of chronobiological preference among the patients with OCD and OCD comorbid mood disorders.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to assess the clinical effects of affective temperaments and chronotype differences in patients with OCD.MethodsThe research was performed in patients with OCD which have been under treatment at least for 12 weeks (n = 76) and healthy controls (n = 55). Yale Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale, TEMPS-A, Morningness and Eveningness Questionnaire, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used in the study.ResultsThere were higher scores in depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments in patients with OCD compared to the healthy group. There were significant differences between patients with remission and not remission in depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments. Compared to healthy group eveningness chronotype was more frequent in patients; however the difference was not statistically significant. The OCD patients did not differ from comorbid anxiety, depression and remission levels according to the chronotype.ConclusionUnderstanding the effects of affective temperaments and chronotype differences on the outcome of patients with OCD, may provide developing new treatment approaches in especially treatment resistant OCD patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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