scholarly journals Comparison of Shape Encoding in Primate Dorsal and Ventral Visual Pathways

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney R. Lehky ◽  
Anne B. Sereno
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Shape Selectivity ◽  
Visual Pathways ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Inferotemporal Cortex ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Cortex ◽  
Dorsal Pathway ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Shape Encoding ◽  
High Level

Ventral and dorsal visual pathways perform fundamentally different functions. The former is involved in object recognition, whereas the latter carries out spatial localization of stimuli and visual guidance of motor actions. Despite the association of the dorsal pathway with spatial vision, recent studies have reported shape selectivity in the dorsal stream. We compared shape encoding in anterior inferotemporal cortex (AIT), a high-level ventral area, with that in lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP), a high-level dorsal area, during a fixation task. We found shape selectivities of individual neurons to be greater in anterior inferotemporal cortex than in lateral intraparietal cortex. At the neural population level, responses to different shapes were more dissimilar in AIT than LIP. Both observations suggest a greater capacity in AIT for making finer shape distinctions. Multivariate analyses of AIT data grouped together similar shapes based on neural population responses, whereas such grouping was indistinct in LIP. Thus in a first comparison of shape response properties in late stages of the two visual pathways, we report that AIT exhibits greater capability than LIP for both object discrimination and generalization. These differences in the two visual pathways provide the first neurophysiological evidence that shape encoding in the dorsal pathway is distinct from and not a mere duplication of that formed in the ventral pathway. In addition to shape selectivity, we observed stimulus-driven cognitive effects in both areas. Stimulus repetition suppression in LIP was similar to the well-known repetition suppression in AIT and may be associated with the “inhibition of return” memory effect observed during reflexive attention.

scholarly journals Behavioral Triggers of Skin Conductance Responses and Their Neural Correlates in the Primate Amygdala

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1749-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Laine ◽  
Kevin M. Spitler ◽  
Clayton P. Mosher ◽  
Katalin M. Gothard
Keyword(s):  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sympathetic Arousal

The amygdala plays a crucial role in evaluating the emotional significance of stimuli and in transforming the results of this evaluation into appropriate autonomic responses. Lesion and stimulation studies suggest involvement of the amygdala in the generation of the skin conductance response (SCR), which is an indirect measure of autonomic activity that has been associated with both emotion and attention. It is unclear if this involvement marks an emotional reaction to an external stimulus or sympathetic arousal regardless of its origin. We recorded skin conductance in parallel with single-unit activity from the right amygdala of two rhesus monkeys during a rewarded image viewing task and while the monkeys sat alone in a dimly lit room, drifting in and out of sleep. In both experimental conditions, we found similar SCR-related modulation of activity at the single-unit and neural population level. This suggests that the amygdala contributes to the production or modulation of SCRs regardless of the source of sympathetic arousal.

scholarly journals Healthy ageing, resilience and wellbeing

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Cosco ◽  
K. Howse ◽  
C. Brayne
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Great Achievement ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Ageing Model ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The extension of life does not appear to be slowing, representing a great achievement for mankind as well as a challenge for ageing populations. As we move towards an increasingly older population we will need to find novel ways for individuals to make the best of the challenges they face, as the likelihood of encountering some form of adversity increases with age. Resilience theories share a common idea that individuals who manage to navigate adversity and maintain high levels of functioning demonstrate resilience. Traditional models of healthy ageing suggest that having a high level of functioning across a number of domains is a requirement. The addition of adversity to the healthy ageing model via resilience makes this concept much more accessible and more amenable to the ageing population. Through asset-based approaches, such as the invoking of individual, social and environmental resources, it is hoped that greater resilience can be fostered at a population level. Interventions aimed at fostering greater resilience may take many forms; however, there is great potential to increase social and environmental resources through public policy interventions. The wellbeing of the individual must be the focus of these efforts; quality of life is an integral component to the enjoyment of additional years and should not be overlooked. Therefore, it will become increasingly important to use resilience as a public health concept and to intervene through policy to foster greater resilience by increasing resources available to older people. Fostering wellbeing in the face of increasing adversity has significant implications for ageing individuals and society as a whole.

scholarly journals Face Repetition Probability Does Not Affect Repetition Suppression in Macaque Inferotemporal Cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (34) ◽  
pp. 7492-7504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper Vinken ◽  
Hans P. Op de Beeck ◽  
Rufin Vogels
Keyword(s):  
Inferotemporal Cortex ◽  
Repetition Suppression

scholarly journals Structure in Neural Activity during Observed and Executed Movements Is Shared at the Neural Population Level, Not in Single Neurons

Cell Reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 108006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiyuan Jiang ◽  
Hemant Saggar ◽  
Stephen I. Ryu ◽  
Krishna V. Shenoy ◽  
Jonathan C. Kao
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Single Neurons

scholarly journals Neural populations in human posteromedial cortex display opposing responses during memory and numerical processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (38) ◽  
pp. 15514-15519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett L. Foster ◽  
Mohammad Dastjerdi ◽  
Josef Parvizi
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Signal Trial ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Numerical Processing ◽  
Neuroimaging Data

Our understanding of the human default mode network derives primarily from neuroimaging data but its electrophysiological correlates remain largely unexplored. To address this limitation, we recorded intracranially from the human posteromedial cortex (PMC), a core structure of the default mode network, during various conditions of internally directed (e.g., autobiographical memory) as opposed to externally directed focus (e.g., arithmetic calculation). We observed late-onset (>400 ms) increases in broad high γ-power (70–180 Hz) within PMC subregions during memory retrieval. High γ-power was significantly reduced or absent when subjects retrieved self-referential semantic memories or responded to self-judgment statements, respectively. Conversely, a significant deactivation of high γ-power was observed during arithmetic calculation, the duration of which correlated with reaction time at the signal-trial level. Strikingly, at each recording site, the magnitude of activation during episodic autobiographical memory retrieval predicted the degree of suppression during arithmetic calculation. These findings provide important anatomical and temporal details—at the neural population level—of PMC engagement during autobiographical memory retrieval and address how the same populations are actively suppressed during tasks, such as numerical processing, which require externally directed attention.

Shape selectivity in primate lateral intraparietal cortex

Nature ◽  
10.1038/26752 ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 395 (6701) ◽  
pp. 500-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Sereno ◽  
J. H. R. Maunsell
Keyword(s):  
Shape Selectivity ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Cortex

scholarly journals Compliance Determinant Of Paying Zakat Maal

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Tamimah Tamimah
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Method Approach

Purpose: Madura is an island located in East Java which has a community with a high level of religiosity. Sumenep is one of the districts in Madura which has the largest population level among other districts in Madura. However, this is not in line with public compliance in paying zakat maal. Therefore, this study aims to find out whether religiosity, literacy, income, and tax obligation have an effect on community compliance to pay zakat maal.Design/Method/Approach: The data obtained in this study uses primary data obtained from people who pay taxes, using purposive sampling technique by determining people who have reached nisab, and for the analysis, it uses multiple regression.Findings: it shows that only religiosity and tax payment obligations which have an influence, while literacy and income do not have an effect on compliance to pay zakat maal. The implication of this research is as an evaluation for the local government to socialize the important role of the impact of zakat maal on the community, and to increase public understanding of the obligation to pay zakat maal.Originality/Novelty: Lots ofresearchesexamine the obligation to pay zakat fitrah but it is very rare to find research on zakat maal which is an obligation that must also be paid by someone who has assets that have reached Nisab (the minimum amount that a Muslim must have before being obliged to zakat).

scholarly journals The features of the primary dynamics disability in Primorskiy Region adult population level from 2017 to 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
D. A. Derbenev ◽  
C. V. Drozdov ◽  
I. V. Derbeneva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
External Causes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tuberculosis Disease ◽  
Statistical Indicators

Objective: Comparative analysis of the dynamics and causes of the primary disablement of the population of Primorskiy region.Methods: Statistical indicators of the primary disablement were compared using statistical and analytical methods.Results: Statistically important differences of the levels of primary disablement not only in general, but also according to nosological forms were identified. They pointed out the high level of the invalidization of the population of Primorskiy region among the patients having tuberculosis, disease caused by HIV, diseases of the oste-muscular system and of the connective tissue, the effects of injuries, poisoning and other impacts of external causes. The increase in the level of primary disablement was defined including consequently to the disease caused by HIV, malignant tumors, diseases of the ear and the mastoid and genitourinary diseases and the decrease was defined due to tuberculosis and occupational pathology.Conclusions: The causes of the differences in the levels of primary disablement among the adult population in Primorskiy region and in Russian Federation in general and in certain classifications and units of diseases require futher studying based on interdepartmental interaction of the specialists. 

scholarly journals Inferotemporal cortex multiplexes behaviorally-relevant target match signals and visual representations in a manner that minimizes their interference

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Roth ◽  
Nicole C. Rust
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Object Identity ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Inferotemporal Cortex ◽  
Match To Sample ◽  
Sample Object ◽  
High Level ◽  
Detrimental Impact

AbstractFinding a sought visual target object requires combining visual information about a scene with a remembered representation of the target to create a “target match” signal that indicates when a target is in view. Target match signals have been reported to exist within high-level visual brain areas including inferotemporal cortex (IT), where they are mixed with representations of image and object identity. However, these signals are not well understood, particularly in the context of the real-world challenge that the objects we search for typically appear at different positions, sizes, and within different background contexts. To investigate these signals, we recorded neural responses in IT as two rhesus monkeys performed a delayed-match-to-sample object search task in which target objects could appear at a variety of identity-preserving transformations. Consistent with the existence of behaviorally-relevant target match signals in IT, we found that IT contained a linearly separable target match representation that reflected behavioral confusions on trials in which the monkeys made errors. Additionally, target match signals were highly distributed across the IT population, and while a small fraction of units reflected target match signals as target match suppression, most units reflected target match signals as target match enhancement. Finally, we found that the potentially detrimental impact of target match signals on visual representations was mitigated by target match modulation that was approximately (albeit imperfectly) multiplicative. Together, these results support the existence of a robust, behaviorally-relevant target match representation in IT that is configured to minimally interfere with IT visual representations.

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