scholarly journals Relative sensitivity of explicit reaiming and implicit motor adaptation

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 2640-2648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Hutter ◽  
Jordan A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Function ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Small Perturbations ◽  
Task Relevance ◽  
Error Magnitude ◽  
Implicit Motor ◽  
Visual Error

It has become increasingly clear that learning in visuomotor rotation tasks, which induce an angular mismatch between movements of the hand and visual feedback, largely results from the combined effort of two distinct processes: implicit motor adaptation and explicit reaiming. However, it remains unclear how these two processes work together to produce trial-by-trial learning. Previous work has found that implicit motor adaptation operates automatically, regardless of task relevance, and saturates for large errors. In contrast, little is known about the automaticity of explicit reaiming and its sensitivity to error magnitude. Here we sought to characterize the automaticity and sensitivity function of these two processes to determine how they work together to facilitate performance in a visuomotor rotation task. We found that implicit adaptation scales relative to the visual error but only for small perturbations—replicating prior work. In contrast, explicit reaiming scales linearly for all tested perturbation sizes. Furthermore, the consistency of the perturbation appears to diminish both implicit adaptation and explicit reaiming, but to different degrees. Whereas implicit adaptation always displayed a response to the error, explicit reaiming was only engaged when errors displayed a minimal degree of consistency. This comports with the idea that implicit adaptation is obligatory and less flexible, whereas explicit reaiming is volitional and flexible. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This paper provides the first psychometric sensitivity function for explicit reaiming. Additionally, we show that the sensitivities of both implicit adaptation and explicit reaiming are influenced by consistency of errors. The pattern of results across two experiments further supports the idea that implicit adaptation is largely inflexible, whereas explicit reaiming is flexible and can be suppressed when unnecessary.

scholarly journals Relative sensitivity of explicit re-aiming and implicit motor adaptation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Hutter ◽  
Jordan A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Function ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Small Perturbations ◽  
Error Magnitude ◽  
Implicit Motor ◽  
Task Relevancy ◽  
Visual Error

AbstractIt has become increasingly clear that learning in visuomotor rotation tasks, which induce an angular mismatch between movements of the hand and visual feedback, largely results from the combined effort of two distinct processes: implicit motor adaptation and explicit re-aiming. However, it remains unclear how these two processes work together to produce trial-by-trial learning. Previous work has found that implicit motor adaptation operates automatically, regardless of task relevancy, and saturates for large errors. In contrast, little is known about the automaticity of explicit re-aiming and its sensitivity to error magnitude. Here we sought to characterize the automaticity and sensitivity function of these two processes to determine how they work together to facilitate performance in a visuomotor rotation task. We found that implicit adaptation scales relative to the visual error, but only for small perturbations – replicating prior work. In contrast, explicit re-aiming scales linearly for all tested perturbation sizes. Furthermore, the consistency of the perturbation appears to diminish both implicit adaptation and explicit re-aiming, but to different degrees. Whereas implicit adaptation always displayed a response to the error, explicit re-aiming was only engaged when errors displayed a minimal degree of consistency. This comports with the idea that implicit adaptation is obligatory and less flexible, while explicit re-aiming is volitional and flexible.

scholarly journals Individual differences in frontal midline theta activity during visuomotor adaptation are related to execution noise

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeb D. Jonker ◽  
Rick van der Vliet ◽  
Guido Maquelin ◽  
Joris van der Cruijsen ◽  
Gerard M. Ribbers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Theta Activity ◽  
Small Perturbations ◽  
Error Magnitude ◽  
Frontal Midline Theta ◽  
Adaptation Experiment ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTFrontal midline EEG activity has been found to correlate with error magnitude during motor adaptation. We replicated a previous visuomotor adaptation experiment with very small perturbations, likely to invoke implicit adaptation, in a new group of 60 participants and combined it with EEG recordings. We used this data to explore 1) whether frontal midline activity will be evoked in the absence of awareness of the perturbation; 2) whether frontal midline activity is related to implicit adaptation; 3) whether individual differences in frontal midline activity are related to individual differences in motor learning. The results showed that frontal midline theta activity (FMΘ) is also present during small perturbations, does not drive between-trial error correction, and that the sensitivity of FMΘ to error magnitude was smaller for participants with greater execution noise. This relation between FMΘ-error-sensitivity and execution noise could be fully explained by looking at the relationship between FMΘ and error probability. This implies that frontal midline theta activity represents a surprise-like saliency signal, potentially driving awareness and cognitive control in situations with more salient errors.

scholarly journals Motor Adaptation Impairment in Chronic Cannabis Users Assessed by a Visuomotor Rotation Task

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Herreros ◽  
Laia Miquel ◽  
Chrysanthi Blithikioti ◽  
Laura Nuño ◽  
Belen Rubio Ballester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Important Player ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Implicit Motor ◽  
The Brain

Background—The cerebellum has been recently suggested as an important player in the addiction brain circuit. Cannabis is one of the most used drugs worldwide, and its long-term effects on the central nervous system are not fully understood. No valid clinical evaluations of cannabis impact on the brain are available today. The cerebellum is expected to be one of the brain structures that are highly affected by prolonged exposure to cannabis, due to its high density in endocannabinoid receptors. We aim to use a motor adaptation paradigm to indirectly assess cerebellar function in chronic cannabis users (CCUs). Methods—We used a visuomotor rotation (VMR) task that probes a putatively-cerebellar implicit motor adaptation process together with the learning and execution of an explicit aiming rule. We conducted a case-control study, recruiting 18 CCUs and 18 age-matched healthy controls. Our main measure was the angular aiming error. Results—Our results show that CCUs have impaired implicit motor adaptation, as they showed a smaller rate of adaptation compared with healthy controls (drift rate: 19.3 +/− 6.8° vs. 27.4 +/− 11.6°; t(26) = −2.1, p = 0.048, Cohen’s d = −0.8, 95% CI = (−1.7, −0.15)). Conclusions—We suggest that a visuomotor rotation task might be the first step towards developing a useful tool for the detection of alterations in implicit learning among cannabis users.

scholarly journals An Implicit Plan Still Overrides an Explicit Strategy During Visuomotor Adaptation Following Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Cerebellum

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah H. E. M. Voets ◽  
Muriel T. N. Panouilleres ◽  
Ned Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Strategy Adaptation ◽  
Implicit Motor

AbstractMotor adaptation is a process by which the brain gradually reduces error induced by a predictable change in the environment, e.g., pointing while wearing prism glasses. It is thought to occur via largely implicit processes, though explicit strategies are also thought to contribute. Research suggests a role of the cerebellum in the implicit aspects of motor adaptation. Using non-invasive brain stimulation, we sought to investigate the involvement of the cerebellum in implicit motor adaptation in healthy participants. Inhibition of the cerebellum was attained through repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), after which participants performed a visuomotor-rotation task while using an explicit strategy. Adaptation and aftereffects of the TMS group showed no difference in behaviour compared to a Sham stimulation group, therefore this study did not provide any further evidence of a specific role of the cerebellum in implicit motor adaptation. However, our behavioral findings replicate those in the seminal study by Mazzoni and Krakauer (2006).

Saccadic Gain Modification: Visual Error Drives Motor Adaptation

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 2405-2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Wallman ◽  
Albert F. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Target Distance ◽  
Error Signal ◽  
Gain Adaptation ◽  
Horizontal Saccade ◽  
Corrective Saccades ◽  
Visual Error

Wallman, Josh and Albert F. Fuchs. Saccadic gain modification: visual error drives motor adaptation. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2405–2416, 1998. The brain maintains the accuracy of saccadic eye movements by adjusting saccadic amplitude relative to the target distance (i.e., saccade gain) on the basis of the performance of recent saccades. If an experimenter surreptitiously moves the target backward during each saccade, thereby causing the eyes to land beyond their targets, saccades undergo a gradual gain reduction. The error signal driving this conventional saccadic gain adaptation could be either visual (the postsaccadic distance of the target from the fovea) or motoric (the direction and size of the corrective saccade that brings the eye onto the back-stepped target). Similarly, the adaptation itself might be a motor adjustment (change in the size of saccade for a given perceived target distance) or a visual remapping (change in the perceived target distance). We studied these possibilities in experiments both with rhesus macaques and with humans. To test whether the error signal is motoric, we used a paradigm devised by Heiner Deubel. The Deubel paradigm differed from the conventional adaptation paradigm in that the backward step that occurred during the saccade was brief, and the target then returned to its original displaced location. This ploy replaced most of the usual backward corrective saccades with forward ones. Nevertheless, saccadic gain gradually decreased over hundreds of trials. Therefore, we conclude that the direction of saccadic gain adaptation is not determined by the direction of corrective saccades. To test whether gain adaptation is a manifestation of a static visual remapping, we decreased the gain of 10° horizontal saccades by conventional adaptation and then tested the gain to targets appearing at retinal locations unused during adaptation. To make the target appear in such “virgin territory,” we had it jump first vertically and then 10° horizontally; both jumps were completed and the target spot extinguished before saccades were made sequentially to the remembered target locations. Conventional adaptation decreased the gain of the second, horizontal saccade even though the target was in a nonadapted retinal location. In contrast, the horizontal component of oblique saccades made directly to the same virgin location showed much less gain decrease, suggesting that the adaptation is specific to saccade direction rather than to target location. Thus visual remapping cannot account for the entire reduction of saccadic gain. We conclude that saccadic gain adaptation involves an error signal that is primarily visual, not motor, but that the adaptation itself is primarily motor, not visual.

Sensorimotor knowledge from task-irrelevant feedback contributes to motor learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanying Jiang ◽  
Yajie Liu ◽  
Yuqing Bi ◽  
Kunlin Wei
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Strategic Learning ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Saving Effect ◽  
Sensorimotor Knowledge ◽  
Sensory Processes ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Exposure to task-irrelevant feedback leads to perceptual learning, but its effect on motor learning has been understudied. Here we asked human participants to reach a visual target with a hand-controlled cursor while observing another cursor moving independently in a different direction. While the task-irrelevant feedback did not change the main task's performance, it elicited robust savings in subsequent adaptation to classical visuomotor rotation perturbation. We demonstrated that the saving effect resulted from a faster formation of strategic learning through a series of experiments, not from gains in the implicit learning process. Furthermore, the saving effect was robust against drastic changes in stimulus features (i.e., rotation size or direction) or task types (i.e., for motor adaptation and skill learning). However, the effect was absent when the task-irrelevant feedback did not carry the visuomotor relationship embedded in visuomotor rotation. Thus, though previous research on perceptual learning has related task-irrelevant feedback to changes in early sensory processes, our findings support its role in acquiring abstract sensorimotor knowledge during motor learning. Motor learning studies have traditionally focused on task-relevant feedback, but our study extends the scope of feedback processes and sheds new light on the dichotomy of explicit and implicit learning in motor adaptation as well as motor structure learning.

scholarly journals Neural signatures of reward and sensory error feedback processing in motor learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 1561-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios J. Palidis ◽  
Joshua G. A. Cashaback ◽  
Paul L. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Error Feedback ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Motor Commands

At least two distinct processes have been identified by which motor commands are adapted according to movement-related feedback: reward-based learning and sensory error-based learning. In sensory error-based learning, mappings between sensory targets and motor commands are recalibrated according to sensory error feedback. In reward-based learning, motor commands are associated with subjective value, such that successful actions are reinforced. We designed two tasks to isolate reward- and sensory error-based motor adaptation, and we used electroencephalography in humans to identify and dissociate the neural correlates of reward and sensory error feedback processing. We designed a visuomotor rotation task to isolate sensory error-based learning that was induced by altered visual feedback of hand position. In a reward learning task, we isolated reward-based learning induced by binary reward feedback that was decoupled from the visual target. A fronto-central event-related potential called the feedback-related negativity (FRN) was elicited specifically by binary reward feedback but not sensory error feedback. A more posterior component called the P300 was evoked by feedback in both tasks. In the visuomotor rotation task, P300 amplitude was increased by sensory error induced by perturbed visual feedback and was correlated with learning rate. In the reward learning task, P300 amplitude was increased by reward relative to nonreward and by surprise regardless of feedback valence. We propose that during motor adaptation the FRN specifically reflects a reward-based learning signal whereas the P300 reflects feedback processing that is related to adaptation more generally. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied the event-related potentials evoked by feedback stimuli during motor adaptation tasks that isolate reward- and sensory error-based learning mechanisms. We found that the feedback-related negativity was specifically elicited by binary reward feedback, whereas the P300 was observed in both tasks. These results reveal neural processes associated with different learning mechanisms and elucidate which classes of errors, from a computational standpoint, elicit the feedback-related negativity and P300.

scholarly journals The effects of awareness of the perturbation during motor adaptation on hand localization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanaathanan Modchalingam ◽  
Chad Michael Vachon ◽  
Bernard Marius ’t Hart ◽  
Denise Y. P. Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Large Rotation ◽  
Implicit Motor ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Active Localization ◽  
Passive Localization ◽  
Proprioceptive Recalibration

ABSTRACTExplicit awareness of a task is often evoked during rehabilitation and sports training with the intention of accelerating learning and improving performance. However, the effects of awareness of perturbations on the resulting sensory and motor changes produced during motor learning are not well understood. Here, we use explicit instructions as well as large rotation sizes to generate awareness of the perturbation during a visuomotor rotation task and test the resulting changes in both perceived and predicted sensory consequences as well as implicit motor changes.We split participants into 4 groups which differ in both magnitude of the rotation (either 30° or 60°) during adaptation, and whether they receive a strategy to counter the rotation or not prior to adaptation. Performance benefits of explicit instruction are largest during early adaptation but continued to lead to improved performance through 90 trials of training. We show that with either instruction, or with large perturbations, participants become aware of countering the rotation. However, we find a base amount of implicit learning, with equal magnitudes, across all groups, even when asked to exclude any strategies while reaching with no visual feedback of the hand.Participants also estimate the location of the unseen hand when it is moved by the robot (passive localization) and when they generate their own movement (active localization) following adaptation. These learning-induced shifts in estimates of hand position reflect both proprioceptive recalibration and updates in the predicted consequences of movements. We find that these estimates of felt hand position, which reflect updates in both proprioception and efference based estimates of hand position, shift significantly for all groups and were not modulated by either instruction or perturbation size.Our results indicate that not all processes of motor learning benefit from an explicit awareness of the task. Particularly, proprioceptive recalibration and the updating of predicted sensory consequences are largely implicit processes.

scholarly journals The effect of visual uncertainty on implicit motor adaptation

2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Jonathan S. Tsay ◽  
Guy Avraham ◽  
Hyosub E. Kim ◽  
Darius E. Parvin ◽  
Zixuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Sensorimotor Adaptation ◽  
Implicit Motor ◽  
Visuomotor Tasks ◽  
Feedback Method

Sensorimotor adaptation is influenced by both the size and variance of error information. In the present study, we varied visual uncertainty and error size in a factorial manner and evaluated their joint effect on adaptation, using a feedback method that avoids inherent limitations with standard visuomotor tasks. Uncertainty attenuated adaptation but only when the error was small. This striking interaction highlights a novel constraint for models of sensorimotor adaptation.

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