scholarly journals Effects of reward on oculomotor control

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 2453-2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brónagh McCoy ◽  
Jan Theeuwes
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Distractor Location ◽  
Landing Position ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Visual Hemifield ◽  
High Reward ◽  
And Control ◽  
Remote Distractor Effect

The present study examines the extent to which distractors that signal the availability of monetary reward on a given trial affect eye movements. We used a novel eye movement task in which observers had to follow a target around the screen while ignoring distractors presented at varying locations. We examined the effects of reward magnitude and distractor location on a host of oculomotor properties, including saccade latency, amplitude, landing position, curvature, and erroneous saccades toward the distractor. We found consistent effects of reward magnitude on classic oculomotor phenomena such as the remote distractor effect, the global effect, and oculomotor capture by the distractor. We also show that a distractor in the visual hemifield opposite to the target had a larger effect on oculomotor control than an equidistant distractor in the same hemifield as the target. Bayesian hierarchical drift diffusion modeling revealed large differences in drift rate depending on the reward value, location, and visual hemifield of the distractor stimulus. Our findings suggest that high reward distractors not only capture the eyes but also affect a multitude of oculomotor properties associated with oculomotor inhibition and control.

A Comparison of Bilateral Versus Unilateral Target and Distractor Presentation in the Remote Distractor Paradigm

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 334-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Benson
Keyword(s):  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Target Presentation ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Distractor Effect ◽  
Saccade Onset ◽  
Remote Distractor Effect

The remote distractor effect (RDE) is a robust finding of an increase in saccade onset latencies (20–40 ms) when a distractor is presented simultaneously with a target, compared to when a target is presented on its own ( Walker, Deubel, Schneider, & Findlay, 1997 ). Distractors presented at fixation produce the largest RDE and the effect decreases as distractors are moved into the periphery. Data from two experiments that contrast with these standard findings are reported. Under bilateral target presentation, larger RDE magnitudes occurred for peripheral than for central distractors, whereas under unilateral presentation, the pattern reversed. The findings are discussed with reference to discrimination processes, attentional factors and current models of oculomotor control. It is suggested that in bilateral target presentation the competition between the distractor and the target results in the programming of a saccade to the distractor, as well as a saccade to the target. Time taken to cancel the saccade to the distractor produces the increased saccade latency for peripheral distractors in that condition.

scholarly journals Early and Late Modulation of Saccade Deviations by Target Distractor Similarity

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 1451-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Mulckhuyse ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel ◽  
Jan Theeuwes
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Saccade Trajectory ◽  
Rule Out

In this study, we investigated the time course of oculomotor competition between bottom-up and top-down selection processes using saccade trajectory deviations as a dependent measure. We used a paradigm in which we manipulated saccade latency by offsetting the fixation point at different time points relative to target onset. In experiment 1, observers made a saccade to a filled colored circle while another irrelevant distractor circle was presented. The distractor was either similar (i.e., identical) or dissimilar to the target. Results showed that the strength of saccade deviation was modulated by target distractor similarity for short saccade latencies. To rule out the possibility that the similar distractor affected the saccade trajectory merely because it was identical to the target, the distractor in experiment 2 was a square shape of which only the color was similar or dissimilar to the target. The results showed that deviations for both short and long latencies were modulated by target distractor similarity. When saccade latencies were short, we found less saccade deviation away from a similar than from a dissimilar distractor. When saccade latencies were long, the opposite pattern was found: more saccade deviation away from a similar than from a dissimilar distractor. In contrast to previous findings, our study shows that task-relevant information can already influence the early processes of oculomotor control. We conclude that competition between saccadic goals is subject to two different processes with different time courses: one fast activating process signaling the saliency and task relevance of a location and one slower inhibitory process suppressing that location.

scholarly journals Capture and Control: Working Memory Modulates Attentional Capture by Reward-Related Stimuli

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1174-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poppy Watson ◽  
Daniel Pearson ◽  
Michelle Chow ◽  
Jan Theeuwes ◽  
Reinout W. Wiers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
And Control

Physically salient but task-irrelevant distractors can capture attention in visual search, but resource-dependent, executive-control processes can help reduce this distraction. However, it is not only physically salient stimuli that grab our attention: Recent research has shown that reward history also influences the likelihood that stimuli will capture attention. Here, we investigated whether resource-dependent control processes modulate the effect of reward on attentional capture, much as for the effect of physical salience. To this end, we used eye tracking with a rewarded visual search task and compared performance under conditions of high and low working memory load. In two experiments, we demonstrated that oculomotor capture by high-reward distractor stimuli is enhanced under high memory load. These results highlight the role of executive-control processes in modulating distraction by reward-related stimuli. Our findings have implications for understanding the neurocognitive processes involved in real-life conditions in which reward-related stimuli may influence behavior, such as addiction.

Effects of Rule Structure and Reward Magnitude on the Acquisition and Adoption of Self-Reward Criteria

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Liebert ◽  
Mary Kathleen Allen
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Rule Violation ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Rule Structure ◽  
Reward Criterion

This study investigated the effects of rule structure and reward magnitude on children's acquisition and adoption of a self-reward criterion that a training agent had either displayed or imposed. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with two levels of rule structure, two levels of reward magnitude, two modes of training, and sex differentiation was employed. as predicted, high rule structuring resulted in less rule deviation and more self-rewarding verbalizations than did low rule structuring. However, contrary to prediction, high-reward Ss did not differ significantly from low-reward Ss with respect to the amount of rule violation committed in the training agent's absence.

The Effects of Remote Distractors on Saccade Programming

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 173-173
Author(s):  
R Walker ◽  
H Deubel ◽  
J M Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Global Effect ◽  
Saccade Programming ◽  
Critical Location ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Remote Distractor Effect

The time taken to initiate a saccade (latency) is increased under conditions in which a distractor is presented in the opposite visual field to the saccade target. We have termed this latency increase the ‘remote distractor effect’ (RDE). Conditions which produce the RDE are different from those used to demonstrate the ‘global effect’ amplitude modulation. In the global effect paradigm, distractors are presented in the same hemifield as the target and there is no effect on saccade latency. We report the results from a series of studies in which distractors were presented at various 2-D locations in both visual fields. Saccade latency was increased when distractors were presented in both visual fields, with the greatest increase for distractors at central fixation. Saccade latency was not affected by distractors presented on the horizontal axis in the same hemifield as the target, in which case the global effect was observed. For locations other than the horizontal axis, the critical location for modulating amplitude appeared to be within ±15 deg of the target location. Distractors presented outside this region increased latency but had no effect on amplitude. Furthermore, the latency increase observed was found to depend in a systematic way on the relationship between target and distractor eccentricities. Our data demonstrate that inhibitory processes similar to those thought to operate in the rostral pole of the superior colliculus may operate in other regions of the visual map.

scholarly journals Understanding the Importance of Contact Heterogeneity and Variable Infectiousness in the Dynamics of a Large Norovirus Outbreak

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Zelner ◽  
Carly Adams ◽  
Joshua Havumaki ◽  
Ben Lopman
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Contact Patterns ◽  
Lower Transmission ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Large norovirus (NoV) outbreaks are explosive in nature and vary widely in final size and duration, suggesting that superspreading combined with heterogeneous contact may explain these dynamics. Modeling tools that can capture heterogeneity in infectiousness and contact are important for NoV outbreak prevention and control, yet they remain limited. Methods Data from a large NoV outbreak at a Dutch scout jamboree, which resulted in illness among 326 (of 4500 total) individuals from 7 separate camps, were used to examine the contributions of individual variation in infectiousness and clustered contact patterns to the transmission dynamics. A Bayesian hierarchical model of heterogeneous, clustered outbreak transmission was applied to represent (1) between-individual heterogeneity in infectiousness and (2) heterogeneous patterns of contact. Results We found wide heterogeneity in infectiousness across individuals, suggestive of superspreading. Nearly 50% of individual infectiousness was concentrated in the individual’s subcamp of residence, with the remainder distributed over other subcamps. This suggests a source-and-sink dynamic in which subcamps with greater average infectiousness fed cases to those with a lower transmission rate. Although the per capita transmission rate within camps was significantly greater than that between camps, the large pool of susceptible individuals across camps enabled similar numbers of secondary cases generated between versus within camps. Conclusions The consideration of clustered transmission and heterogeneous infectiousness is important for understanding NoV transmission dynamics. Models including these mechanisms may be useful for providing early warning and guiding outbreak response.

Spatial Distribution and Discharge Characteristics of Superior Colliculus Neurons Antidromically Activated From the Omnipause Region in Monkey

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 2221-2225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj J. Gandhi ◽  
Edward L. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Discharge Characteristics ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Superior Colliculus Neurons ◽  
Rostral Region ◽  
And Control ◽  
Omnipause Neurons

Gandhi, Neeraj J. and Edward L. Keller. Spatial distribution and discharge characteristics of superior colliculus neurons antidromically activated from the omnipause region in monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2221–2225, 1997. One proposed role of the superior colliculus (SC) in oculomotor control is to suppress or excite the activity of brain stem omnipause neurons (OPNs) to initiate or terminate saccades, respectively. Although connections from the SC to the OPNs have been demonstrated, the spatial distribution and discharge characteristics of the projecting neurons from the SC remain unknown. We mapped the spatial distribution of the deeper-layer neurons of the SC by stimulating the region of the OPNs to identify antidromic projections and found that the density of direct projections from the SC to the OPNs was greatest in the most rostral region and decreased gradually for more caudal sites. On the basis of saccade-related discharge characteristics, the antidromically driven neurons were predominantly fixation and buildup neurons. The spatially distributed SC projections to the OPNs and the discharge characteristics of the SC neurons suggest that the direct projections from SC to OPNs are excitatory. Finally, we propose how excitation and disfacilitation from SC activity can contribute to modulation of OPN response and control saccades.

A High-Risk High-Reward Approach to Public-Private Collaborative Research in Predictive Modeling and Control of Complex Systems

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Swanson ◽  
Jeffrey T. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
United States ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Predictive Modeling ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Modeling And Control ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Electricity Power ◽  
And Control

In this paper, we propose an approach to public-private collaborative research in predictive modeling and control of complex engineered systems. Society depends intimately on complex systems. The behavior of a simple system can be modeled and the model can be validated by experimental observations, if the behavior of each component and its interface with other components are known and well-defined. In contrast, a complex system cannot be modeled accurately enough to effectively predict and control the behaviors of the overall system. One example of an engineered complex system network (CSN) is the electricity power grid, which encompasses power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption, as one giant system that includes electric generators, transformers, substation switchyards, transmission lines, consumer devices, and a multitude of new evolving components. The electricity power grid depends on other complex systems, e.g., climate systems that govern wind current for wind turbines, river water levels for thermoelectric cooling, and economic systems for service demand, pricing, revenue collection, and for business capital supply. Operational robustness, reliability, and efficiency of CSN’s are in the interest of all the subsystem owners, end users, and the public welfare of the nation. Conundrum? Who is responsible for the overall CSN’s operational robustness, reliability and efficiency, when so many parts of the system reside in so many different hands with the ultimate beneficiaries of the systems being the general public? Which entities are responsible for funding critical high-risk research, whose ultimate benefits do not reside with any one subset of stakeholders? These questions characterize the challenge of sourcing R&D funds that can be focused on modeling, understanding, and management of CSNs in general. To address such needs for innovative collaborative research, Congress established the Technology Innovation Program (TIP) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as part of the 2007 America COMPETES Act. Its purpose is to “assist United States businesses and institutions of higher education or other organizations, such as national laboratories and nonprofit research institutions, to support, promote, and accelerate innovation in the United States through high-risk, high-reward research in areas of critical national need.” Ongoing efforts by TIP to identify and qualify societal challenges in the critical national need area of Complex System Networks are introduced.

Saccades curve away from previously inhibited locations: evidence for the role of priming in oculomotor competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 2370-2377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artem V. Belopolsky ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Distractor Location ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Behavior ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Empty Location

The oculomotor system serves as the basis for representing concurrently competing motor programs. Here, we examine whether the oculomotor system also keeps track of the outcome of competition between target and distractor on the previous trial. Participants had to perform a simple task of making a saccade toward a predefined direction. On two-thirds of the trials, an irrelevant distractor was presented to either the left or right of the fixation. On one-third of the trials, no distractor was present. The results show that on trials without a distractor, saccades curved away from the empty location that was occupied by a distractor on the previous trial. This result was replicated and extended to cases when different saccade directions were used. In addition, we show that repetition of distractor location on the distractor-present trials results in a stronger curvature away and in a shorter saccade latency to the target. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that the oculomotor system automatically codes and retains locations that had been ignored in the past to bias future behavior.

scholarly journals Comparing long-term value creation after biotech and non-biotech IPOs, 1997–2016

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0243813
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Galkina Cleary ◽  
Laura M. McNamee ◽  
Skyler de Boer ◽  
Jeremy Holden ◽  
Liam Fitzgerald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Financial Structure ◽  
Investment Risk ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
High Reward ◽  
And Control ◽  
Similar Stage

We compared the financial performance of 319 BIOTECH companies focused on developing therapeutics with IPOs from 1997–2016, to that of paired, non-biotech CONTROL companies with concurrent IPO dates. BIOTECH companies had a distinctly different financial structure with high R&D expense, little revenue, and negative profits (losses), but a similar duration of listing on public markets and frequency of acquisitions. Through 2016, BIOTECH and CONTROL companies had equivalent growth in market cap and shareholder value (>$100 billion), but BIOTECH companies had lower net value creation ($93 billion vs $411 billion). Both cohorts exhibited a high-risk/high reward pattern of return, with the majority losing value, but many achieving growth multiples. While investments in biotechnology are often considered to be distinctively risky, we conclude that value creation by biotech companies after IPO resembles that of non-biotech companies at a similar stage and does not present a disproportionate investment risk.

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