scholarly journals Intermittent Visuomotor Processing in the Human Cerebellum, Parietal Cortex, and Premotor Cortex

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 922-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Vaillancourt ◽  
Mary A. Mayka ◽  
Daniel M. Corcos
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Force Variability ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Control Force ◽  
Force Condition ◽  
Visuomotor Processing

The cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor cortex are integral to visuomotor processing. The parameters of visual information that modulate their role in visuomotor control are less clear. From motor psychophysics, the relation between the frequency of visual feedback and force variability has been identified as nonlinear. Thus we hypothesized that visual feedback frequency will differentially modulate the neural activation in the cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor cortex related to visuomotor processing. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla to examine visually guided grip force control under frequent and infrequent visual feedback conditions. Control conditions with intermittent visual feedback alone and a control force condition without visual feedback were examined. As expected, force variability was reduced in the frequent compared with the infrequent condition. Three novel findings were identified. First, infrequent (0.4 Hz) visual feedback did not result in visuomotor activation in lateral cerebellum (lobule VI/Crus I), whereas frequent (25 Hz) intermittent visual feedback did. This is in contrast to the anterior intermediate cerebellum (lobule V/VI), which was consistently active across all force conditions compared with rest. Second, confirming previous observations, the parietal and premotor cortices were active during grip force with frequent visual feedback. The novel finding was that the parietal and premotor cortex were also active during grip force with infrequent visual feedback. Third, right inferior parietal lobule, dorsal premotor cortex, and ventral premotor cortex had greater activation in the frequent compared with the infrequent grip force condition. These findings demonstrate that the frequency of visual information reduces motor error and differentially modulates the neural activation related to visuomotor processing in the cerebellum, parietal cortex, and premotor cortex.

Intermittency in the Control of Continuous Force Production

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1708-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Slifkin ◽  
David E. Vaillancourt ◽  
Karl M. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Force Variability ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Information Processes ◽  
Feedback Frequency

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the influence of intermittency in visual information processes on intermittency in the control continuous force production. Adult human participants were required to maintain force at, and minimize variability around, a force target over an extended duration (15 s), while the intermittency of on-line visual feedback presentation was varied across conditions. This was accomplished by varying the frequency of successive force-feedback deliveries presented on a video display. As a function of a 128-fold increase in feedback frequency (0.2 to 25.6 Hz), performance quality improved according to hyperbolic functions (e.g., force variability decayed), reaching asymptotic values near the 6.4-Hz feedback frequency level. Thus, the briefest interval over which visual information could be integrated and used to correct errors in motor output was approximately 150 ms. The observed reductions in force variability were correlated with parallel declines in spectral power at about 1 Hz in the frequency profile of force output. In contrast, power at higher frequencies in the force output spectrum were uncorrelated with increases in feedback frequency. Thus, there was a considerable lag between the generation of motor output corrections (1 Hz) and the processing of visual feedback information (6.4 Hz). To reconcile these differences in visual and motor processing times, we proposed a model where error information is accumulated by visual information processes at a maximum frequency of 6.4 per second, and the motor system generates a correction on the basis of the accumulated information at the end of each 1-s interval.

scholarly journals Visual and proprioceptive feedback mechanisms of precision manual motor control in autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L Shafer ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
James Bartolotti ◽  
Matthew W. Mosconi
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Proprioceptive Feedback ◽  
Force Variability ◽  
Tendon Vibration ◽  
Motor Behaviors

Abstract Background Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show deficits processing sensory feedback to reactively adjust ongoing motor behaviors. Atypical reliance on visual and proprioceptive feedback each have been reported during motor behaviors in ASD suggesting that impairments are not specific to one sensory domain but may instead reflect a deficit in multisensory processing, resulting in reliance on unimodal feedback. The present study tested this hypothesis by examining motor behavior across different visual and proprioceptive feedback conditions during a visually guided precision grip force test. Methods Participants with ASD (N = 43) and age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (N = 23), range 10–20 years, completed a test of precision gripping. They pressed on force sensors with their index finger and thumb while receiving visual feedback on a computer screen in the form of a horizontal bar that moved upwards with increased force. They were instructed to press so that the bar reached the level of a static target bar and then to hold their grip force as steadily as possible. Visual feedback was manipulated by changing the gain of the force bar. Proprioceptive feedback was manipulated by applying 80 Hz tendon vibration at the wrist to induce an illusion of muscle elongation. Force variability (standard deviation) and irregularity (sample entropy) were examined using multilevel linear models. Results While TD controls showed increased force variability with the tendon vibration on compared to off, individuals with ASD showed similar levels of force variability across tendon vibration conditions. Individuals with ASD showed stronger age-associated reductions in force variability relative to controls across conditions. The ASD group also showed greater age-associated increases in force irregularity relative to controls, especially at higher gain levels and when the tendon vibrator was turned on. Conclusions Our findings that individuals with ASD show similar levels of force variability and regularity during induced proprioceptive illusions suggest a reduced ability to integrate proprioceptive feedback information to guide ongoing precision manual motor behavior. We also document stronger age-associated gains in force control in ASD relative to TD suggesting delayed development of multisensory feedback control of motor behavior.

scholarly journals Neural Basis for the Processes That Underlie Visually Guided and Internally Guided Force Control in Humans

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 3330-3340 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Vaillancourt ◽  
Keith R. Thulborn ◽  
Daniel M. Corcos
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Visuomotor Transformation ◽  
Neural Basis

Despite an intricate understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying visual and motor systems, it is not completely understood in which brain regions humans transfer visual information into motor commands. Furthermore, in the absence of visual information, the retrieval process for motor memory information remains unclear. We report an investigation where visuomotor and motor memory processes were separated from only visual and only motor activation. Subjects produced precision grip force during a functional MRI (fMRI) study that included four conditions: rest, grip force with visual feedback, grip force without visual feedback, and visual feedback only. Statistical and subtractive logic analyses segregated the functional process maps. There were three important observations. First, along with the well-established parietal and premotor cortical network, the anterior prefrontal cortex, putamen, ventral thalamus, lateral cerebellum, intermediate cerebellum, and the dentate nucleus were directly involved in the visuomotor transformation process. This activation occurred despite controlling for the visual input and motor output. Second, a detailed topographic orientation of visuomotor to motor/sensory activity was mapped for the premotor cortex, parietal cortex, and the cerebellum. Third, the retrieval of motor memory information was isolated in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate. The motor memory process did not extend to the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the basal ganglia. These findings provide evidence in humans for a model where a distributed network extends over cortical and subcortical regions to control the visuomotor transformation process used during visually guided tasks. In contrast, a localized network in the prefrontal cortex retrieves force output from memory during internally guided actions.

scholarly journals Selective Regions of the Visuomotor System Are Related to Gain-Induced Changes in Force Error

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 2114-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Coombes ◽  
Daniel M. Corcos ◽  
Lisa Sprute ◽  
David E. Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Behavioral Effects ◽  
Visual Gain ◽  
Visuomotor System ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Induced Changes

When humans perform movements and receive on-line visual feedback about their performance, the spatial qualities of the visual information alter performance. The spatial qualities of visual information can be altered via the manipulation of visual gain and changes in visual gain lead to changes in force error. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging during a steady-state precision grip force task to examine how cortical and subcortical brain activity can change with visual gain induced changes in force error. Small increases in visual gain <1° were associated with a substantial reduction in force error and a small increase in the spatial amplitude of visual feedback. These behavioral effects corresponded with an increase in activation bilaterally in V3 and V5 and in left primary motor cortex and left ventral premotor cortex. Large increases in visual gain >1° were associated with a small change in force error and a large change in the spatial amplitude of visual feedback. These behavioral effects corresponded with increased activity bilaterally in dorsal and ventral premotor areas and right inferior parietal lobule. Finally, activity in the left and right lobule VI of the cerebellum and left and right putamen did not change with increases in visual gain. Together, these findings demonstrate that the visuomotor system does not respond uniformly to changes in the gain of visual feedback. Instead, specific regions of the visuomotor system selectively change in activity related to large changes in force error and large changes in the spatial amplitude of visual feedback.

scholarly journals Visual and somatosensory feedback mechanisms of precision manual motor control in autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L. Shafer ◽  
Zheng Wang ◽  
James Bartolotti ◽  
Matthew W. Mosconi
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Force Variability ◽  
Tendon Vibration ◽  
Motor Behaviors ◽  
Somatosensory Feedback

Abstract Background Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show deficits processing sensory feedback to reactively adjust ongoing motor behaviors. Atypical reliance on visual and somatosensory feedback each have been reported during motor behaviors in ASD suggesting that impairments are not specific to one sensory domain but may instead reflect a deficit in multisensory processing, resulting in reliance on unimodal feedback. The present study tested this hypothesis by examining motor behavior across different visual and somatosensory feedback conditions during a visually guided precision grip force test. Methods Participants with ASD (N = 43) and age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (N = 23), ages 10–20 years, completed a test of precision gripping. They pressed on force transducers with their index finger and thumb while receiving visual feedback on a computer screen in the form of a horizontal bar that moved upwards with increased force. They were instructed to press so that the bar reached the level of a static target bar and then to hold their grip force as steadily as possible. Visual feedback was manipulated by changing the gain of the force bar. Somatosensory feedback was manipulated by applying 80 Hz tendon vibration at the wrist to disrupt the somatosensory percept. Force variability (standard deviation) and irregularity (sample entropy) were examined using multilevel linear models. Results While TD controls showed increased force variability with the tendon vibration on compared to off, individuals with ASD showed similar levels of force variability across tendon vibration conditions. Individuals with ASD showed stronger age-associated reductions in force variability relative to controls across conditions. The ASD group also showed greater age-associated increases in force irregularity relative to controls, especially at higher gain levels and when the tendon vibrator was turned on. Conclusions Our findings that disrupting somatosensory feedback did not contribute to changes in force variability or regularity among individuals with ASD suggests a reduced ability to integrate somatosensory feedback information to guide ongoing precision manual motor behavior. We also document stronger age-associated gains in force control in ASD relative to TD suggesting delayed development of multisensory feedback control of motor behavior.

scholarly journals Visual information processing in older adults: reaction time and motor unit pool modulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 2630-2639 ◽  
Author(s):  
MinHyuk Kwon ◽  
Evangelos A. Christou
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Unit ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Information Processing ◽  
Force Variability ◽  
Premotor Time

Presently, there is no evidence that magnification of visual feedback has motor implications beyond impairments in force control during a visuomotor task. We hypothesized that magnification of visual feedback would increase visual information processing, alter the muscle activation, and exacerbate the response time in older adults. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether magnification of visual feedback during a reaction time task alters the premotor time and the motor unit pool activation of older adults. Participants responded as fast as possible to a visual stimulus while they maintained a steady ankle dorsiflexion force (15% maximum) either with low-gain or high-gain visual feedback of force. We quantified the following: 1) response time and its components (premotor and motor time), 2) force variability, and 3) motor unit pool activity of the tibialis anterior muscle. Older adults exhibited longer premotor time and greater force variability than young adults. Only in older adults, magnification of visual feedback lengthened the premotor time and exacerbated force variability. The slower premotor time in older adults with high-gain visual feedback was associated with increased force variability and an altered modulation of the motor unit pool. In conclusion, our findings provide novel evidence that magnification of visual feedback also exacerbates premotor time during a reaction time task in older adults, which is correlated with force variability and an altered modulation of motor unit pool. Thus these findings suggest that visual information processing deficiencies in older adults could result in force control and reaction time impairments. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is unknown whether magnification of visual feedback has motor implications beyond impairments in force control for older adults. We examined whether it impairs reaction time and motor unit pool activation. The findings provide novel evidence that magnification of visual feedback exacerbates reaction time by lengthening premotor time, which implicates time for information processing in older adults, which is correlated with force variability and an altered modulation of motor unit pool.

Grip-force variability in asymptomatic carriers of the Huntington gene – a biomarker for presymptomatic clinical studies?

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (S 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Reilmann ◽  
S. Bohlen ◽  
F. Kirsten ◽  
H. Lohmann ◽  
D. Bracht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Force Variability ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers

scholarly journals Mirror neurons are modulated by grip force and reward expectation in the sensorimotor cortices (S1, M1, PMd, PMv)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Moin Uddin Atique ◽  
Joseph Thachil Francis
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractMirror Neurons (MNs) respond similarly when primates make or observe grasping movements. Recent work indicates that reward expectation influences rostral M1 (rM1) during manual, observational, and Brain Machine Interface (BMI) reaching movements. Previous work showed MNs are modulated by subjective value. Here we expand on the above work utilizing two non-human primates (NHPs), one male Macaca Radiata (NHP S) and one female Macaca Mulatta (NHP P), that were trained to perform a cued reward level isometric grip-force task, where the NHPs had to apply visually cued grip-force to move and transport a virtual object. We found a population of (S1 area 1–2, rM1, PMd, PMv) units that significantly represented grip-force during manual and observational trials. We found the neural representation of visually cued force was similar during observational trials and manual trials for the same units; however, the representation was weaker during observational trials. Comparing changes in neural time lags between manual and observational tasks indicated that a subpopulation fit the standard MN definition of observational neural activity lagging the visual information. Neural activity in (S1 areas 1–2, rM1, PMd, PMv) significantly represented force and reward expectation. In summary, we present results indicating that sensorimotor cortices have MNs for visually cued force and value.

scholarly journals Use of visual feedback for balance training in hemiparetic Stroke patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Fabiane Maria Klitzke dos Santos ◽  
Franciely Voltolini Mendes ◽  
Simone Suzuki Woellner ◽  
Noé Gomes Borges Júnior ◽  
Antonio Vinicius Soares
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
Hemiparetic Stroke ◽  
Balance Board

Introduction Hemiparetic Stroke patients have their daily activities affected by the balance impairment. Techniques that used visual information for training this impairment it seems to be effective. Objective To analyze the effects of the unstable balance board training and compare two ways of visual feedback: the biomechanical instrumentation and the mirror. Materials and methods Eight chronic hemiparetic Stroke patients participated in the research, randomized in two groups. The first group (G1) accomplished the training with biomechanical instrumentation, and the second group (G2) trained in front of the mirror. Sixteen training sessions were done with feet together, and feet apart. The evaluation instruments that were used before and after the period of training were the Time Up and Go Test (TUGT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Instrumented Balance Board (IBB), that quantified the functional mobility, the balance and the posture control respectively. Results The TUGT showed significant results (p < 0.05) favorable to G1. Despite the results of BBS were significant for G2, the intergroup comparison did not reveal statistical significance. Both groups obtained decrease in levels of IBB oscillation, what can indicate a higher stability, however the results did not indicate statistical significance (p > 0.05). A strong correlation between all the applied tests was observed in this research. Conclusion Although the advantages found were different between the groups, in both it could be observed that the training brought benefits, with the transference to the functional mobility.

Memory Effects of Speech and Gesture Binding: Cortical and Hippocampal Activation in Relation to Subsequent Memory Performance

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Straube ◽  
Antonia Green ◽  
Susanne Weis ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee ◽  
Tilo Kircher
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Fmri Session ◽  
Abstract Content

In human face-to-face communication, the content of speech is often illustrated by coverbal gestures. Behavioral evidence suggests that gestures provide advantages in the comprehension and memory of speech. Yet, how the human brain integrates abstract auditory and visual information into a common representation is not known. Our study investigates the neural basis of memory for bimodal speech and gesture representations. In this fMRI study, 12 participants were presented with video clips showing an actor performing meaningful metaphoric gestures (MG), unrelated, free gestures (FG), and no arm and hand movements (NG) accompanying sentences with an abstract content. After the fMRI session, the participants performed a recognition task. Behaviorally, the participants showed the highest hit rate for sentences accompanied by meaningful metaphoric gestures. Despite comparable old/new discrimination performances (d′) for the three conditions, we obtained distinct memory-related left-hemispheric activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the premotor cortex (BA 6), and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), as well as significant correlations between hippocampal activation and memory performance in the metaphoric gesture condition. In contrast, unrelated speech and gesture information (FG) was processed in areas of the left occipito-temporal and cerebellar region and the right IFG just like the no-gesture condition (NG). We propose that the specific left-lateralized activation pattern for the metaphoric speech–gesture sentences reflects semantic integration of speech and gestures. These results provide novel evidence about the neural integration of abstract speech and gestures as it contributes to subsequent memory performance.

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