Statoacoustic properties of utricular afferents

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1479-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Budelli ◽  
O. Macadar
Keyword(s):  
Firing Rate ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Sensitivity Curves

1. We classified the utricular afferents on the basis of their spontaneous acitivity and responses to tilts and vibrations. 2. Type I afferents fire spontaneously in a regular pattern; their responses to tilts consist of a phasic-tonic change in firing rate. They may respond to vibrations by increasing or decreasing their rate and show no adaptation. 3. The spontaneous activity and the responses to tilts of type II are similar to those observed in type I afferents. The differences become apparent when the preparation is subjected to a vibrational stimulus, since type II neurons increase their firing rate regardless of the stimulus frequency and show adaptation. 4. Type III neurons have no spontaneous activity. They respond to tilts by firing during the transition from one position to the other. They respond to a vibrational stimulus with maintained firing and show no adaptation. 5. We studied the dynamic responses of each type of neuron. We used sensitivity curves for the study of type III afferents and proposed a statistical method to define gain curves for the study of the other types. 6. The gain curves generated by type I neurons reach their maximum at frequencies of stimulation close to the spontaneous rate of firing. 7. In the gain curves of type II afferents the maximum corresponds to frequencies higher than their spontaneous activity. 8. Sensitivity curves and gain curves give similar results for type III fibers. The sensitivity curves of these afferents were classified into four subtypes. 9. We studied the responses of the three types of afferents to bursts of sinusoidal vibrations. 10. We concluded that the properties of types I and II fibers are fit to carry information about movements and position of the head, but also transmit acoustical information. Type III fibers are more adapted to provide information about acoustical stimuli, but can also convey information about head movements.

Electrophysiological Characteristics of Classes of Neuron in the HVc of the Zebra Finch

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 914-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michinori Kubota ◽  
Ikuo Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Zebra Finch ◽  
Action Potential Duration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Inward Rectification ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv

Kubota, Michinori and Ikuo Taniguchi. Electrophysiological characteristics of classes of neuron in the HVc of the zebra finch. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 914–923, 1998. Whole cell recordings were made from zebra finch HVc neurons in slice preparations. Four distinct classes of neuron were found on the basis of their electrophysiological properties. The morphological characteristics of some of these neurons were also examined by intracellular injection of Lucifer yellow. Type I neurons (21 of 65 cells) had longer time-to-peak of an afterhyperpolarization following an action potential than the other classes. They exhibited both fast and time-dependent inward rectification and an initial high-frequency firing followed by a slower constant firing. Type I neurons had large somata and thick dendrites with many spines. The axons of some of the neurons in this class projected in the direction of area X of the parolfactory lobe. Type II neurons (30 of 65 cells) had a more negative resting membrane potential than the other classes. They exhibited fast inward rectification. Type II neurons could be divided into two subclasses by the absence (IIa; 22 cells) and the presence (IIb; 8 cells) of a low-threshold transient depolarization. Type IIa neurons had relatively small somata and thin, spiny dendrites. The axons of some of the neurons in this class projected in the direction of the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA). Type IIb neurons had relatively large somata and thick dendrites with many spines. Type III neurons (6 of 65 cells) had a shorter action-potential duration than the other classes. They exhibited prominent time-dependent inward rectification and a regular tonic firing with little or no accommodation. Type III neurons had beaded, aspiny dendrites. Type IV neurons (8 of 65 cells) had a longer action-potential duration, a much larger input resistance, and longer membrane time constant than the other classes. Type IV neurons had small somata and thin, short, sparsely spiny dendrites. The axons of some of the neurons in this class projected in the direction of the RA. These classes of neuron may play distinct roles in song production and representation in the HVc.

scholarly journals A semantic typology of location, existence, possession and copular verbs: areal patterns of polysemy in Mainland East and Southeast Asia

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Chappell ◽  
Shanshan Lü
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
The One ◽  
Semantic Typology

Abstract This study is based on a sample of 116 languages from the Mainland East and Southeast Asian linguistic area. Its first objective is to examine four distinct synchronic patterns of areal polysemy, created by the semantic domains of copular, locative, existential and possessive verbs and the constructions they form. As a consequence, its second objective is to model the diachronic change underlying four language types identified on this basis from the data. We argue that there are three grammaticalization pathways which motivate the four synchronic patterns: Type III languages are distinguished by the grammaticalization chain: (Postural verb) > (Dwell) > Locative > Existential > Possessive, while the other two types, Type II and Type IV, show an opposing pathway: (Grasp) > Possessive > Existential. Type I and Type II languages additionally reveal a recurrent polysemy between Locative and Copular verbs. On this basis, an implicational universal is adduced to the effect that no diachronic adjacency exists between locative and possessive constructions. Crucially, the intervening stage of an existential construction provides the necessary bridging context for possessive reanalysis in this first pathway, while possessive verbs are formally distinct from locatives in the second, bearing no diachronic relationship to them. The findings on the patterns of polysemy sharing reinforce the notion of a clear typological split between Tibeto-Burman languages on the one hand, and Sinitic, Kra–Dai, Hmong–Mien, and Austroasiatic on the other.

scholarly journals Graded Rough Sets based on Neighborhood Operator Over two Different Universes and its Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mostafa Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rough Set ◽  
Rough Sets ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Decision Methods ◽  
Neighborhood Rough Sets

Abstract Abstract The major concern of this paper is to present the notion of rough set based on neighborhood operator on universe set, along with its properties, and examples. Then, we generalize several notions of covering rough sets to neighborhood rough sets with respect to the graded n. Further, we present some notions such as probabilistic neighborhood rough approximations of X, (Type-I / Type-II) probabilistic neighborhood rough approximations of X with error α and β, and (Type-I / Type-II) probabilistic neighborhood rough approximations of X with respect to N . The interesting properties of above notions are investigated in detail. On the other hand, we define the notion of rough set based on neighborhood operator over two different universes. Subsequently, we present some notions (Type-I / Type-II / Type-III) graded n-neighborhood rough sets and give a two approaches to decision-making problems based on the (Type-II / Type-III) grade n-neighborhood rough sets. Then, we construct the decision steps and give two algorithms of the decision methods. Also, we will give two illustrative examples to show the applicability of the rough set based on neighborhood operator over two different universes to solve the rough decision-making problems. Finally, we give a comparison between the Liu et al.’s approach and our approach.

scholarly journals ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC IMMUNITY REACTIONS IN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT AGES

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Sutliff ◽  
Maxwell Finland
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Intermediate Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Type Iii

1. The incidence of pneumococcidal power of the whole defibrinated blood in human beings has been shown to vary with age. The age distribution of other type-specific antibodies varies similarly, insofar as they are frequent enough to be compared or technically demonstrable. 2. The incidence of pneumococcidal power of the whole defibrinated blood for Type I, Type II, and Type III differs. Type I is the rarest, Type II is the most frequent, and Type III is of intermediate frequency. The type-specific antibodies responsible for the other tests employed show a similar relative frequency in regard to Types I and II, but some variation in regard to Type III. 3. The skin reactions to the acetic acid-predpitable proteins and autolysates of the pneumococci are negative or rarely positive in infants, infrequently positive in childhood, and positive in a high percentage of adults.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

scholarly journals Perforator preservation technologies (PPT) based on a new neuro-interventional classification in endovascular treatment of perforator involving aneurysms (piANs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Li ◽  
Ao-Fei Liu ◽  
Han-Cheng Qiu ◽  
Xianli Lv ◽  
Ji Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endovascular Therapy ◽  
Saccular Aneurysm ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fusiform Aneurysm ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Perforating Artery ◽  
Protection Technology ◽  
Perforating Arteries

Abstract Background Treatment of perforator involving aneurysm (piAN) remains a challenge to open and endovascular neurosurgeons. Our aim is to demonstrate a primary outcome of endovascular therapy for piANs with the use of perforator preservation technologies (PPT) based on a new neuro-interventional classification. Methods The piANs were classified into type I: aneurysm really arises from perforating artery, type II: saccular aneurysm involves perforating arteries arising from its neck (IIa) or dome (IIb), and type III: fusiform aneurysm involves perforating artery. Stent protection technology of PPT was applied in type I and III aneurysms, and coil-basket protection technology in type II aneurysms. An immediate outcome of aneurysmal obliteration after treatment was evaluated (satisfactory obliteration: the saccular aneurysm body is densely embolized (I), leaving a gap in the neck (IIa) or dome (IIb) where the perforating artery arising; fusiform aneurysm is repaired and has a smooth inner wall), and successful perforating artery preservation was defined as keeping the good antegrade flow of those perforators on postoperative angiography. The periprocedural complication was closely monitored, and clinical and angiographic follow-ups were performed. Results Six consecutive piANs (2 ruptured and 4 unruptured; 1 type I, 2 type IIa, 2 type IIb, and 1 type III) in 6 patients (aged from 43 to 66 years; 3 males) underwent endovascular therapy between November 2017 and July 2019. The immediate angiography after treatment showed 6 aneurysms obtained satisfactory obliteration, and all of their perforating arteries were successfully preserved. During clinical follow-up of 13–50 months, no ischemic or hemorrhagic event of the brain occurred in the 6 patients, but has one who developed ischemic event in the territory of involving perforators 4 h after operation and completely resolved within 24 h. Follow-up angiography at 3 to 10M showed patency of the parent artery and perforating arteries of treated aneurysms, with no aneurysmal recurrence. Conclusions Our perforator preservation technologies on the basis of the new neuro-interventional classification seem feasible, safe, and effective in protecting involved perforators while occluding aneurysm.

scholarly journals Intracellular and Extracellular Markers of Lethality in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Quantitative Proteomic Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Luca Bini ◽  
Domitille Schvartz ◽  
Chiara Carnemolla ◽  
Roberta Besio ◽  
Nadia Garibaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osteogenesis Imperfecta ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Bioinformatic Tools ◽  
Proteomic Approach ◽  
Fibrillin 1 ◽  
Heritable Disorder

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable disorder that mainly affects the skeleton. The inheritance is mostly autosomal dominant and associated to mutations in one of the two genes, COL1A1 and COL1A2, encoding for the type I collagen α chains. According to more than 1500 described mutation sites and to outcome spanning from very mild cases to perinatal-lethality, OI is characterized by a wide genotype/phenotype heterogeneity. In order to identify common affected molecular-pathways and disease biomarkers in OI probands with different mutations and lethal or surviving phenotypes, primary fibroblasts from dominant OI patients, carrying COL1A1 or COL1A2 defects, were investigated by applying a Tandem Mass Tag labeling-Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (TMT LC-MS/MS) proteomics approach and bioinformatic tools for comparative protein-abundance profiling. While no difference in α1 or α2 abundance was detected among lethal (type II) and not-lethal (type III) OI patients, 17 proteins, with key effects on matrix structure and organization, cell signaling, and cell and tissue development and differentiation, were significantly different between type II and type III OI patients. Among them, some non–collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., decorin and fibrillin-1) and proteins modulating cytoskeleton (e.g., nestin and palladin) directly correlate to the severity of the disease. Their defective presence may define proband-failure in balancing aberrances related to mutant collagen.

scholarly journals Brachial supporting structure of Spiriferida (Brachiopoda)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Yuan ◽  
Wen Guo ◽  
Dan Lyu ◽  
Yuanlin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Feeding Apparatus ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Supporting Structure ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages

Abstract The filter-feeding organ of some extinct brachiopods is supported by a skeletal apparatus called the brachidium. Although relatively well studied in Atrypida and Athyridida, the brachidial morphology is usually neglected in Spiriferida. To investigate the variations of brachidial morphology in Spiriferida, 65 species belonging to eight superfamilies were analyzed. Based on the presence/absence of the jugal processes and normal/modified primary lamellae of the spiralia, four types of brachidium are recognized. Type-I (with jugal processes) and Type-II (without jugal processes), both having normal primary lamellae, could give rise to each other by losing/re-evolving the jugal processes. Type-III, without jugal processes, originated from Type-II through evolution of the modified lateral-convex primary lamellae, and it subsequently gave rise to Type-IV by evolving the modified medial-convex primary lamellae. The evolution of brachidia within individual evolutionary lineages must be clarified because two or more types can be present within a single family. Type-III and Type-IV are closely associated with the prolongation of the crura, representing innovative modifications of the feeding apparatus in response to possible shift in the position of the mouth towards the anterior, allowing for more efficient feeding on particles entering the mantle cavity from the anterior gape. Meanwhile, the modified primary lamellae adjusted/regulated the feeding currents. The absence of spires in some taxa with Type-IV brachidium might suggest that they developed a similar lophophore to that in some extant brachiopods, which can extend out of the shell.

scholarly journals Understanding the Evolution and Applications of Intelligent Systems via a Tri-X Intelligence (TI) Model

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1080
Author(s):  
Min Zhao ◽  
Zhenbo Ning ◽  
Baicun Wang ◽  
Chen Peng ◽  
Xingyu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Intelligent Manufacturing ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Ternary Interaction ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Dynamic Level ◽  
Systematic Scheme

The evolution and application of intelligence have been discussed from perspectives of life, control theory and artificial intelligence. However, there has been no consensus on understanding the evolution of intelligence. In this study, we propose a Tri-X Intelligence (TI) model, aimed at providing a comprehensive perspective to understand complex intelligence and the implementation of intelligent systems. In this work, the essence and evolution of intelligent systems (or system intelligentization) are analyzed and discussed from multiple perspectives and at different stages (Type I, Type II and Type III), based on a Tri-X Intelligence model. Elemental intelligence based on scientific effects (e.g., conscious humans, cyber entities and physical objects) is at the primitive level of intelligence (Type I). Integrated intelligence formed by two-element integration (e.g., human-cyber systems and cyber-physical systems) is at the normal level of intelligence (Type II). Complex intelligence formed by ternary-interaction (e.g., a human-cyber-physical system) is at the dynamic level of intelligence (Type III). Representative cases are analyzed to deepen the understanding of intelligent systems and their future implementation, such as in intelligent manufacturing. This work provides a systematic scheme, and technical supports, to understand and develop intelligent systems.

Morphological types of spermatheca in Coreidae: bearing on intra-familial classification and tribal-groupings (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4834 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-501
Author(s):  
DOMINIQUE PLUOT-SIGWALT ◽  
PIERRE MOULET
Keyword(s):  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Spermathecal Duct ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Intermediate Part ◽  
Muscular Pump ◽  
Familial Classification

The morphology of the spermatheca is described in 109 species of 86 genera representing all four currently recognised subfamilies of Coreidae, covering the undivided Hydarinae, both tribes of Pseudophloeinae, all three tribes of Meropachyinae and 27 of the 32 tribes of Coreinae. Three types of spermatheca are recognised. Type I is bipartite, consisting only of a simple tube differentiated into distal seminal receptacle and proximal spermathecal duct and lacks the intermediate part present in most Pentatomomorpha, in which it serves as muscular pump. Type II is also bipartite but more elaborate in form with the receptacle generally distinctly wider than the duct. Type III is tripartite, with receptacle, duct and an often complex intermediate part. Four subtypes are recognised within type III. Type I is found only in Hydarinae and type II only in Pseudophloeinae. Type III is found in both Coreinae and Meropachyinae. Subtype IIIA (“Coreus-group”) unites many tribes from the Eastern Hemisphere and only one (Spartocerini) from the Western Hemisphere. Subtypes IIIB (“Nematopus-group”) and IIID (“Anisoscelis-group”) are confined to taxa from the Western Hemisphere and subtype IIIC (“Chariesterus-group”) is found in tribes from both hemispheres. The polarity of several characters of the intermediate part and some of the spermathecal duct is evaluated, suggesting autapomorphies or apomorphies potentially relevant to the classification of Coreidae at the sufamilial and tribal levels. Characters of the intermediate part strongly indicate that the separation of Meropachyinae and Coreinae as currently constituted cannot be substantiated. The tribes Anisoscelini, Colpurini, Daladerini and Hyselonotini are heterogeneous, each exhibiting two subtypes of spermatheca, and probably polyphyletic. Two tribes, Cloresmini and Colpurini, requiring further investigation remain unplaced. This study demonstrates the great importance of characters of the spermatheca, in particular its intermediate part, for research into the phylogeny and taxonomy of Pentatomomorpha. 

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