Fictive motor patterns in chronic spinal cats

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1874-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Pearson ◽  
S. Rossignol
Keyword(s):  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Locomotor Pattern ◽  
Leg Flexion ◽  
Perineal Region ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Slow Rhythm ◽  
Leg Position ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Fictive motor patterns were recorded in hind leg nerves of 10 adult chronic spinal cats (spinalized at T13). Four of these animals had been trained to step with their hind legs on a treadmill (late-spinal animals), whereas the remainder received no training and were examined a short time after spinalization (early-spinal animals). 2. A fictive pattern resembling the locomotor pattern for stepping was evoked in all animals in response to stimulation of the skin of the perineal region. (2-[2,6-Dichloroaniline]-2-imidazoline) hydrochloride (Clonidine) at doses ranging from 100 to 500 micrograms/kg iv facilitated the production of this pattern, particularly in early-spinal animals. 3. The fictive locomotor pattern in late-spinal animals was more complex than that occurring in early-spinal animals. In the latter the pattern consisted of an alternation of activity in flexor and extensor nerves, and changing leg position did not qualitatively alter the pattern, whereas in late-spinal animals the relative durations of the bursts in different flexors were usually not the same, and the pattern of flexor activity was dependent on leg position. 4. Moving the legs from extension to flexion progressively decreased the duration of flexor bursts, increased the cycle period, and decreased the ease with which the pattern could be evoked in both early- and late-spinal animals. 5. 1-beta-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)/Isonocotinic acid 2-[(2-benzylcarbamoyl)ethyl]hydrazide (Nialamide) treatment following Clonidine in early-spinal animals increased the complexity of flexor burst activity. This, and other observations, indicates that DOPA and Clonidine do not have strictly identical actions on the locomotor pattern generator. 6. Stimulation of the paws in late-spinal animals produced two patterns of activity distinctly different from the locomotor pattern. of activity distinctly different from the locomotor pattern. One was a short sequence of high-frequency rhythmic activity (at approximately 8 c/s) in response to gently stimulating one paw with a water jet, and the other was a slow rhythm in flexor nerves in response to squeezing the paw. 7. The main conclusion of this investigation is that three distinctly different fictive motor patterns can be generated in chronic spinal cats depending on the method and site of stimulation. These patterns correspond to three different behaviors (locomotion, paw shake, and rhythmic leg flexion) that can be elicited in behaving chronic spinal cats in response to the same stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Activity of commissural interneurons in spinal cord of Xenopus embryos

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1257-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Soffe ◽  
J. D. Clarke ◽  
A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Fictive Locomotion ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
Natural Stimulation ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Embryos ◽  
Stimulation Of

Horseradish peroxidase- (HRP) filled microelectrodes have been used to examine the anatomy and physiology of "commissural interneurons," a morphologically defined class of spinal cord interneuron in Xenopus laevis embryos. Commissural interneurons have unipolar cell bodies in the dorsal half of the spinal cord. Their dendrites lie in the mid to ventral parts of the lateral tracts and their axons cross the cord ventrally, T branch, and ascend and descend on the opposite side of the cord. Recordings were made from animals immobilized in tubocurarine and responding to natural stimulation with three patterns of fictive motor activity. During episodes of fictive swimming, commissural interneurons are phasically excited to fire 1 spike/cycle in phase with motor discharge on the same side and receive a midcycle inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in phase with motor discharge on the opposite side. Rhythmic activity is superimposed on a background depolarization. During periods of synchrony, phasic excitatory input doubles in frequency so that cells fire with half the swimming cycle period. The background depolarization is generally stronger than during swimming. During periods of fictive struggling, evoked by electrical stimulation of the skin, commissural interneurons fire a burst of spikes per cycle, cells being relatively hyperpolarized when motoneurons on the opposite side are active. In response to ipsilateral skin stimulation, some cells receive an IPSP at a latency of 12-20 ms. This precedes the onset of fictive locomotion. We discuss how anatomy and activity of commissural interneurons is suitable for a reciprocal inhibitory role.

Swimming rhythm in decerebrated, paralyzed stingrays: normal and abnormal coupling

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Droge ◽  
R. B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Burst Duration ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Fictive Locomotion ◽  
Spinal Segment ◽  
Swimming Pattern ◽  
Reciprocal Connections ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stimulation Of

Rhythmic motoneuronal activity was recorded from decerebrated, paralyzed stingrays and compared with electromyograms recorded from the same animals. Before and after paralysis, a rostral-to-caudal sequence of alternation occurred between dorsal (elevator) and ventral (depressor) efferents. The swimming pattern was thus observed in the absence of phasic afferent input, and this constitutes fictive locomotion. After paralysis, both the intersegmental delay (time between activation at progressively caudal recording sites) and the burst duration remained linearly related to the swim cycle period. In many instances, neither the slope nor the intercept was significantly altered by immobilization. The intercepts all fell near the origin, indicating that the fictive rhythm remains constant phase coupled. Although the swimming rhythm was obtained after paralysis, some differences occurred. These included fewer and shorter spontaneous sequences, a greater range of cycle periods, and longer burst durations. During fictive swimming, the burst duration:cycle period ratio usually increased to 0.53 from 0.39 observed before paralysis. Therefore, the silent periods seen between burst discharges in antagonist efferents during movement were often absent after paralysis. Mechanical stimulation of the tail reduced both cycle periods and burst durations; however, the burst:cycle ratio remained greater than or equal to 0.50. The linear relation between burst duration and cycle period found for spontaneous sequences was not changed by stimulation of the tail. During fictive swimming the inter- and intrasegmental coupling that characterizes stingray swimming becomes labile. Abnormal coupling appears more often during sequences with long swim cycles. Intrasegmental coupling is tighter than intersegmental coupling at any cycle period. Rhythmic activity at one segmental level can be independent of activity at other levels. This suggests that multiple oscillator circuits exist that are not dependent on propriospinal circuits interconnecting different segments. Rhythmicity in elevator and depressor motoneurons is not dependent on reciprocal connections between the circuitry driving the motor nuclei. Therefore, separate oscillators for elevators and depressors appear to be present within one spinal segment.

High Frequency Vibration of Worst Ear Lobule induced short period of Rapid Inhibition of any Cancer Activity including Advanced Terminal Cancers, Most Malignant Brain Tumor "Glioblastoma" as well as Cancer of Lung, Breast & Gastrointestinal Cancers particularly Pancreatic Cancer.

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Omura
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
High Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cancer Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

While a visiting Professor at the University of Paris, VI (formerly Sorvonne) more than 40 years ago, the Author became very good friends with Dr. Paul Nogier who periodically gave seminars and workshops in Paris. After the author diagnosed his cervical problem & offered him simple help, Dr. Nogier asked the Author to present lectures and demonstrations on the effects of ear stimulation, namely the effects of acupuncture & electrical stimulation of the ear lobules. It is only now, in 2019 that we have discovered 2–5 minute high frequency stimulation of the ear lobule inhibits cancer activity for 1– 4 hours post stimulation. Although the procedure is extremely simple. First take optimal dose of Vitamin D3, which has the most essential 10 unique beneficial factors required for every human cell activity. Next, apply high frequency stimulation to ear lobule while the worst ear lobule is held by all fingers with vibrator directly touching the surface of the worst ear lobule, preferably after patient repeatedly takes optimal dose of Vitamin D3. When the worst ear lobule is held between thumb & index fingers and applying mechanical stimulation of 250 ~ 500 mechanical vibration/second for 2 ~ 5 minutes using an electrical vibrator, there is rapid disappearance of cancer activity in both the brain and rest of the body for short time duration 1 ~ 4 hours. The effect often increases by additional pressure by holding fingers. As of May 2019, the Author found that many people from various regions of the world developed early stages of multiple cancers. For evaluation of this study, U. S. patented Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (BDORT) was used which was developed by the Author while doing his Graduate experimental physics research at Colombia University. BDORT was found to be most essential for determining the beneficial effects as well as harmful effects of any substance or treatment. Using BDORT, Author was the first to recognize severe increasing mid-backache was an early sign of pancreatic cancer of President of New York State Board of Medicine after top pain specialists failed to detect the cause after 3 years of effort, while the BDORT showed early stages of cancer whereas conventional X-Ray of the pancreas did not show any cancer image until 2 months after Author detected with BDORT. For example, the optimal dose of the banana is usually about 2.0 - 2.5 millimeters cross section of the banana. A whole banana is more than 50 ~ 100 times the optimal dose. Any substance eaten in more than 25 times of its optimal dose becomes highly toxic and creates DNA mutations which can cause multiple malignancies in the presence of strong electro-magnetic field. With standard medication given by doctor, patients often become sick and they are unable to reduce body weight, unless medication is reduced or completely stopped. When the amount of zinc is very high, DNA often becomes unstable and multiple cancers can grow rapidly in the presence of strong electromagnetic field. Large amount of Vitamin C from regular orange or orange juice inhibit the most important Vitamin D3 effects. At least 3 kinds of low Vitamin C oranges will not inhibit Vitamin D3. Since B12 particularly methyl cobalamin which is a red small tablet is known to improve brain circulation very significantly we examined its effect within 20 seconds of oral intake we found the following very significant changes. Acetylcholine in both sides of the brain often increases over 4,500 ng. Longevity gene Sirtuin 1 level increases significantly for short time of few hours. Thymosin α1 and Thymosinβ4 both increase to over 1500 ng from 20 ng or less.

scholarly journals Nature of the stimulation of biogenesis of cholesterol in the liver by noradrenaline

1977 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
R George ◽  
T Ramasarma
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Coa Reductase ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Administration of noradrenaline increased the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into hepatic sterols and the activity of liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. 2. The stimulation was observed at short time-intervals with a maximum at 4h and was progressive with increasing concentrations of noradrenaline. 3. Protein synthesis de novo was a necessary factor for the effect. 4. The stimulatory effect was not mediated through the adrenergic receptors, but appears to involve a direct action of the hormone within the hepatocyte.

scholarly journals Cutaneous inputs from perineal region facilitates and modulates spinal locomotor activity and reduces cutaneous reflexes from the foot in spinal cats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angèle N Merlet ◽  
Jonathan Harnie ◽  
Madalina Macovei ◽  
Adam Doelman ◽  
Nathaly Gaudreault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Cutaneous Reflexes ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Reflex Responses ◽  
Cutaneous Reflex ◽  
Weight Support ◽  
Perineal Region

AbstractIt is well known that mechanically stimulating the perineal region potently facilitates hindlimb locomotion and weight support in mammals with a spinal transection (spinal mammals). However, how perineal stimulation mediates this excitatory effect is poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of mechanically stimulating (vibration or pinch) the perineal region on ipsilateral (9-14 ms onset) and contralateral (14-18 ms onset) short-latency cutaneous reflex responses evoked by electrically stimulating the superficial peroneal or distal tibial nerve in seven adult spinal cats where hindlimb movement was restrained. Cutaneous reflexes were evoked before, during, and after mechanical stimulation of the perineal region. We found that vibration or pinch of the perineal region effectively triggered rhythmic activity, unilateral and bilateral to nerve stimulation. When electrically stimulating nerves, adding perineal stimulation modulated rhythmic activity by decreasing cycle and burst durations and by increasing the amplitude of flexors and extensors. Perineal stimulation also disrupted the timing of the ipsilateral rhythm, which had been entrained by nerve stimulation. Mechanically stimulating the perineal region decreased ipsilateral and contralateral short-latency reflex responses evoked by cutaneous inputs, a phenomenon we observed in muscles crossing different joints and located in different limbs. The results suggest that the excitatory effect of perineal stimulation on locomotion and weight support is not mediated by increasing cutaneous reflex gain and instead points to an excitation of central pattern-generating circuitry. Our results are consistent with a state-dependent modulation of reflexes by spinal interneuronal circuits.Significance StatementMechanically stimulating the skin of the perineal region strongly facilitates hindlimb locomotion in mammals following a complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite its remarkable effectiveness in promoting hindlimb locomotion in spinal cord-injured mammals, we do not know how this is mediated. The present study provides data on how inputs from the perineal region interact with neuronal circuits that generate locomotor-like activity and reflexes from the foot. A better understanding of how inputs from the perineal region interact with neuronal circuits of the spinal cord could lead to non-invasive approaches to restore walking in people with SCI.

scholarly journals Motor Programs as Indicators of Penalty Direction in Soccer

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 224-233
Author(s):  
Luiz Felipe Pinto Oliveira da Motta ◽  
Ricardo Fontes Macedo ◽  
Elizabeth Cárpio Rivera ◽  
Angela Luciana De-Bortoli ◽  
Robelius De-Bortoli
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
Front View ◽  
Elbow Angle ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Prior Intention ◽  
Leg Position

Introduction: Many football games are decided on penalties and usually in championship final games. When seeking to anticipate movements, differences in amplitude can harm players because the informational movement appears to be spread "globally" throughout the action and should be coded at several levels. Thus, it would be interesting to analyze the entire period of the kick, since the player begins his run to approach the ball to recognize the motor patterns used in the kick that identify his direction. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify patterns of behavior in penalty kicks that may indicate the direction of their action / kick and in my moment they appear. Methodology: The sample consisted of 21 subjects hitting a penalty kick, 18 males and 3 females with an average age of 22.18 ± 2.44 years and two goalkeepers with college football experience. The tests consisted of a battery of two penalty kicks for each subject in order to score. The kicks were recorded by a video camera with a front view of the goal goal and the back of the batter. The kick phases were divided into the starting leg position; first step leg; angle of the elbow in relation to the body seen from behind; angle of the elbow in relation to the displacement line seen from above; direction of the tip of the supporting foot and position on the goal where the kick was. Each kick was preceded by a start signal. The data were analyzed from the registration of each variable and the position of the goal in which the ball was kicked, considering it in three sectors: left, right and central. Results: The main results indicated that the variable “Leg of the first step” had 81% of the kicks associated with the direction of the goal; 52.4% of second kicks had repeated the pattern of behavior and 84.6% had repeated the pattern of behavior regardless of the goal position. The variable “Elbow angle in relation to the body seen from behind” had 81.8% repeated behavior pattern regardless of the goal position and the variable “Elbow angle in relation to the displacement line seen from above” had 81% association with the sector of the goal in which the ball was kicked; 52.4% of second kicks had repeated the pattern of behavior and 91.7% had repeated the pattern of behavior regardless of the goal position. Conclusions: The main conclusions indicate that it is possible to relate the kick location with the batter's body information; the start of the race seems to indicate that there is a prior intention of movement programs; the decision of where to hit the penalty appears to be made before contact with the ball and more closely to the placement of the support foot and with this relationship, the size of the goal to be defended by the goalkeeper could be reduced, increasing the possibility of defense.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ECP ON THE STIMULATION OF LEUCOCYTE NUMBER AND PHAGOCYTOSIS OF JAPANESE EEL Anguilla japonica AGAINST Edwardseilla tarda NUF251

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Hari Suprapto
Keyword(s):  
Anguilla Japonica ◽  
Japanese Eel ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Phagocytosis Index ◽  
Short Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
Stimulation Of

The extra cellular product (ECP) was rapidly induced leucocyte number compared to Edwardseilla tarda NUF251 in eel blood. The reason could be live cells need time to multiplied in eel body whereas the ECP composed of high protein therefore induce the leucocyte production in short time. The number of leucocyte in eel blood were not different between inactivated ECP and control eels. Although the leucocyte number increased gradually in live cells injected eel but have not correlation to increasing phagocytosis index (PI) in vivo phagocytosis. The PI and phagocytic rate (PR) of in vivo phagocytosis relatively constant from 24-96 h post injection.

Modulation of Hydra attenuata rhythmic activity: phase response curve

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 737-751
Author(s):  
C. Taddei-Ferretti ◽  
L. Cordella
Keyword(s):  
Response Curve ◽  
Phase Response Curve ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Pulse Trains ◽  
Activity Phase ◽  
Photic Stimulus ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hydra Attenuata ◽  
Stimulation Of

We investigated the effect of photic stimulation on the frequency of Hydra attenuata column contractions. We used positive or negative abrupt light transitions, single or repetitive light or darkness pulses, and alternation of light and darkness periods. The main results are: (a) The frequency of the contraction pulse trains (CPTs) varies transiently in response to an abrupt variation of the light intensity. (b) CPTs in progress can be inhibited by different types of photic stimuli. (c) The response time to a single photic stimulus varies during the inter-CPT interval and depends also on the polarity of the stimulus. (d) The CPTs are entrainable with repetitive light stimulation of various frequencies. (e) Long-lasting variations of the frequency of CPTs occur after the end of a repetitive light stimulation. We suggest that the mechanism responsible for the rhythym of column contractions is quite similar to that on which other biological rhythmic phenomena are based.

scholarly journals Roles of Ascending Inhibition During Two Rhythmic Motor Patterns in Xenopus Tadpoles

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 2316-2328 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Green ◽  
S. R. Soffe
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Burst Duration ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Rhythmic Motor ◽  
Vertebrate Model ◽  
Longitudinal Pattern

Green, C. S. and S. R. Soffe. Roles of ascending inhibition during two rhythmic motor patterns in Xenopus tadpoles. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2316–2328, 1998. We have investigated the effects of ascending inhibitory pathways on two centrally generated rhythmic motor patterns in a simple vertebrate model, the young Xenopus tadpole. Tadpoles swim when touched, but when grasped respond with slower, stronger struggling movements during which the longitudinal pattern of motor activity is reversed. Surgical spinal cord transection to remove all ascending connections originating caudal to the transection (in tadpoles immobilized in α-bungarotoxin) did not affect “fictive” swimming generated more rostrally. In contrast, cycle period and burst duration both significantly increased during fictive struggling. Increases were progressively larger with more rostral transection. Blocking caudal activity with the anesthetic MS222 (pharmacological transection) produced equivalent but reversible effects. Reducing crossed-ascending inhibition selectively, either by midsagittal spinal cord division or rostral cord hemisection (1-sided transection) mimicked the effects of transection. Like transection, both operations increased cycle period and burst duration during struggling but did not affect swimming. The changes during struggling were larger with more rostral hemisection. Reducing crossed-ascending inhibition by spinal hemisection also increased the rostrocaudal longitudinal delay during swimming, and the caudorostral delay during struggling. Weakening inhibition globally with low concentrations of the glycine antagonist strychnine (10–100 nM) did not alter swimming cycle period, burst duration, or longitudinal delay. However, strychnine at 10–60 nM decreased cycle period during struggling. It also increased burst duration in some cases, although burst duration increased as a proportion of cycle period in all cases. Strychnine reduced longitudinal delay during struggling, making rostral and caudal activity more synchronous. At 100 nM, struggling was totally disrupted. By combining our results with a detailed knowledge of tadpole spinal cord anatomy, we conclude that inhibition mediated by the crossed-ascending axons of characterized, glycinergic, commissural interneurons has a major influence on the struggling motor pattern compared with swimming. We suggest that this difference is a consequence of the larger, reversed longitudinal delay and the extended burst duration during struggling compared with swimming.

scholarly journals Quipazine Elicits Swallowing in the Arterially Perfused Rat Preparation: A Role for Medullary Raphe Nuclei?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5120
Author(s):  
Victor Bergé-Laval ◽  
Christian Gestreau
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Raphe Nuclei ◽  
Excitatory Effect ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Systemic Injection ◽  
Medullary Raphe ◽  
Raphé Nuclei ◽  
Stimulation Of

Pharmacological neuromodulation of swallowing may represent a promising therapeutic option to treat dysphagia. Previous studies suggested a serotonergic control of swallowing, but mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of the serotonergic agonist quipazine on swallowing, using the arterially perfused working heart-brainstem (in situ) preparation in rats. Systemic injection of quipazine produced single swallows with motor patterns and swallow-breathing coordination similar to spontaneous swallows, and increased swallow rate with moderate changes in cardiorespiratory functions. Methysergide, a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, blocked the excitatory effect of quipazine on swallowing, but had no effect on spontaneous swallow rate. Microinjections of quipazine in the nucleus of the solitary tract were without effect. In contrast, similar injections in caudal medullary raphe nuclei increased swallow rate without changes in cardiorespiratory parameters. Thus, quipazine may exert an excitatory effect on raphe neurons via stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors, leading to increased excitability of the swallowing network. In conclusion, we suggest that pharmacological stimulation of swallowing by quipazine in situ represents a valuable model for experimental studies. This work paves the way for future investigations on brainstem serotonergic modulation, and further identification of neural populations and mechanisms involved in swallowing and/or swallow-breathing interaction.

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