Responses of Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus to Dynamic Interaural Phase Cues: Evidence for a Mechanism of Binaural Adaptation

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1356-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McAlpine ◽  
Dan Jiang ◽  
Trevor M. Shackleton ◽  
Alan R. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Auditory Midbrain ◽  
Adaptation Mechanism ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Depth Direction ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Interaural Phase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Depths

Responses to sound stimuli that humans perceive as moving were obtained for 89 neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of urethan-anesthetized guinea pigs. Triangular and sinusoidal interaural phase modulation (IPM), which produced dynamically varying interaural phase disparities (IPDs), was used to present stimuli with different depths, directions, centers, and rates of apparent motion. Many neurons appeared sensitive to dynamic IPDs, with responses at any given IPD depending strongly on the IPDs the stimulus had just passed through. However, it was the temporal pattern of the response, rather than the motion cues in the IPM, that determined sensitivity to features such as motion depth, direction, and center locus. IPM restricted only to the center of the IPD responsive area, evoked lower discharge rates than when the stimulus either moved through the IPD responsive area from outside, or up and down its flanks. When the stimulus was moved through the response area first in one direction and then back in the other, and the same IPDs evoked different responses, the response to the motion away from the center of the IPD responsive area was always lower than the response to the motion toward the center. When the IPD was closer at which the direction of motion reversed was to the center, the response to the following motion was lower. In no case did we find any evidence for neurons that under all conditions preferred one direction of motion to the other. We conclude that responses of IC neurons to IPM stimuli depend not on the history of stimulation, per se, but on the history of their response to stimulation, irrespective of the specific motion cues that evoke those responses. These data are consistent with the involvement of an adaptation mechanism that resides at or above the level of binaural integration. We conclude that our data provide no evidence for specialized motion detection involving dynamic IPD cues in the auditory midbrain of the mammal.

scholarly journals Neural Sensitivity to Periodicity in the Inferior Colliculus: Evidence for the Role of Cochlear Distortions

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1295-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McAlpine
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Basilar Membrane ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Neural Response ◽  
Auditory Midbrain ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Interaural Phase ◽  
Neural Input ◽  
Interaural Phase Difference ◽  
Modulation Rate

Responses of low characteristic-frequency (CF) neurons in the inferior colliculus were obtained to amplitude-modulated (AM) high-frequency tones in which the modulation rate was equal to the neuron's CF. Despite all spectral components lying outside the pure tone–evoked response areas, discharge rates were modulated by the AM signals. Introducing a low-frequency tone (CF − 1 Hz) to the same ear as the AM tones produced a 1-Hz beat in the neural response. Introducing a tone (CF − 1 Hz) to the opposite ear to the AM tone also produced a beat in the neural response, with the beat at the period of the interaural phase difference between the CF − 1 Hz tone in one ear, and the AM rate in the other ear. The monaural and interaural interactions of the AM signals with introduced pure tones suggest that AM tones generate combination tones, (inter-modulation distortion) on the basilar membrane. These interact with low-frequency tones presented to the same ear to produce monaural beats on the basilar membrane, modulating the responses of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons on the 1-Hz period of the monaural beats or interacting binaurally with neural input generated in response to stimulation of the opposite ear. The auditory midbrain appears to show a robust representation of cochlear distortions generated by amplitude-modulated sounds.

Timing of crustal melting and magma emplacement at different depths: insights from the Permian in the Western Alps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Manzotti ◽  
Florence Bégué ◽  
Barbara Kunz ◽  
Daniela Rubatto ◽  
Alexey Ulianov
Keyword(s):  
Lower Crust ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crustal Melting ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Alpine Orogeny ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Magma Emplacement

<p>The pre-Alpine basement of the Adriatic plate in the Southern Alps exposes an exceptionally complete section across the continental crust (Ivrea Verbano: lower crust; Serie dei Laghi: upper crust). The section was weakly reworked during Jurassic extension and Cretaceous to Miocene Alpine shortening. The Insubric Line, an Alpine crustal-scale south-vergent backthrust, separates the Southern Alps from the Alpine nappe stack. The pre-Alpine basement of the Adriatic palaeomargin is intensely reworked in this stack, and is now part of the Sesia-Dent Blanche nappes (Manzotti et al. 2014) and other, smaller, Adria-derived units (e.g. Emilius).</p><p>The less deformed part of the Sesia-Dent Blanche nappes are the IIDK and Valpelline Series. Based on lithological similarities, they have been correlated with the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (Carraro et al. 1970). This equivalence has been confirmed by subsequent studies, including detailed U-Pb zircon ages of metamorphic (Kunz et al., 2018) and magmatic events. The other units of the Sesia-Dent Blanche nappes (the Arolla Series, the Gneiss Minuti, and the Eclogitic Micaschists) have been pervasively reworked during the Alpine orogeny, from greenschist to eclogite-facies. Identification of the age and nature of their pre-Alpine protoliths, and of the grade and age of their pre-Alpine metamorphism heavily relies on field and petrological data on key outcrops, supported by U-Pb dating.</p><p>If the IIDK and Valpelline Series represent the lower Adriatic crust, the other units may derive from the upper Adriatic crust, i.e. may be similar to the Serie dei Laghi in the Southern Alps. Alternatively, they may also represent pieces of the Adriatic lower crust that were pervasively re-hydrated during the Jurassic extension and/or the Alpine subduction (Engi et al., 2018), thus allowing re-equilibration at HP conditions during Alpine deformation.</p><p>This contribution will summarize a range of field, petrological, and geochronological data (obtained by LA-ICP MS on zircon, combined with in situ-oxygen isotope data measured by SIMS). This data set reveals significant differences in the timing of crustal melting, as well as magma emplacement at different depths. It can be concluded that the history of the Adriatic crust in the Alpine stack is comparable with that of the Southern Alps, with implications for the mechanical behaviour of the crust during the Alpine orogeny.</p><p> </p><p>Manzotti et al. (2014). Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 107, 309-336</p><p>Carraro et al. (1970). Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana, 9, 19-224</p><p>Kunz et al. (2018). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 107, 203-229</p><p>Engi et al. (2018). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19, 865-881</p>

Effects of interaural time delays of noise stimuli on low-frequency cells in the cat's inferior colliculus. III. Evidence for cross-correlation

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Yin ◽  
J. C. Chan ◽  
L. H. Carney
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Acoustic Signal ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Interaural Phase ◽  
Phase Relationships

1. We tested the coincidence, or cross-correlation, model of Jeffress, which proposes a neuronal mechanism for sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) in low-frequency cells in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat. Different tokens of Gaussian noise stimuli were delivered to the two ears. We studied the neural responses to changes in ITDs of these stimuli and examined the manner in which the binaural cells responded to them. All of our results support the idea that the central binaural neurons perform an operation very similar to cross-correlation on the inputs arriving from each side. These inputs are transformed from the actual acoustic signal by the peripheral auditory system, and these transformations are reflected in the properties of the cross-correlations. 2. The responses to ITDs of identical broadband noise stimuli to the two ears varies cyclically as a function of ITD at a frequency close to the best frequency of the neuron. This cyclic response is a consequence of the narrowband filtering of the wideband acoustic signal by the auditory nerve fibers. To examine the effects of using stimuli to the two ears that were correlated to each other to different degrees, we generated pairs of noises. Each pair consisted of one standard noise, which was delivered to one ear, and a linear sum of two standard uncorrelated noises, which was delivered to the other ear. The responses of 34 neurons in the ICC to ITDs of noises with variable interaural coherence were examined. When partially correlated noises were delivered, there was a positive and approximately linear relationship between the degree of modulation of the response as a function of ITD and interaural coherence. The degree of modulation was measured by the synchronization coefficient, or vector strength, over one period of the ITD curve. 3. We examined the effects of altering the interaural phase relationships of the input noise stimuli. The phase of the noise stimuli was changed by digitally filtering the standard noise so that only a phase delay was imposed. The responses to ITDs with differing interaural phase relationships were then studied by delivering a phase-shifted noise to one ear and the standard noise to the other. The ITD curves in response to phase-shifted noise were shifted by about the same amount as the shift of the stimulus; the shift of the response was measured with respect to the case with identical noises to the two ears.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Spatial Receptive Fields of Inferior Colliculus Neurons to Auditory Apparent Motion in Free Field

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil J. Ingham ◽  
Heledd C. Hart ◽  
David McAlpine
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Auditory Motion ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Sequential Activation

We examined responses from 91 single-neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of anesthetized guinea pigs to auditory apparent motion in the free field. Apparent motion was generated by presenting 100-ms tone bursts, separated by 50-ms silent intervals, at consecutive speaker positions in an array of 11 speakers, positioned in an arc ±112.5° around midline. Most neurons demonstrated discrete spatial receptive fields (SRFs) to apparent motion in the clockwise and anti-clockwise directions. However, SRFs showed marked differences for apparent motion in opposite directions. In virtually all neurons, mean best azimuthal positions for SRFs to opposite directions occurred at earlier positions in the motion sweep, producing receptive fields to the two directions of motion that only partially overlapped. Despite this, overall spike counts to the two directions were similar for equivalent angular velocities. Responses of 28 neurons were recorded to stimuli with different duration silent intervals between speaker presentations, mimicking different apparent angular velocities. Increasing the stimulus off time increased neuronal discharge rates, particularly at later portions of the apparent motion sweep, and reduced the differences in the SRFs to opposite motion directions. Consequently SRFs to both directions broadened and converged with decreasing motion velocity. This expansion was most obvious on the outgoing side of the each SRF. Responses of 11 neurons were recorded to short (90°) partially overlapping apparent motion sweeps centered at different spatial positions. Nonoverlapping response profiles were recorded in 9 of the 11 neurons tested and confirmed that responses at each speaker position were dependent on the preceding response history. Together these data are consistent with the suggestion that a mechanism of adaptation of excitation contributes to the apparent sensitivity of IC neurons to auditory motion cues. In addition, the data indicate that the sequential activation of an array of speakers to produce apparent auditory motion may not be an optimal stimulus paradigm to separate the temporal and spatial aspects of auditory motion processing.

Theodor W. Adorno

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colby Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In his somewhat controversial book Remnants of Auschwitz, Agamben makes brief reference to Theodor Adorno’s apparently contradictory remarks on perceptions of death post-Auschwitz, positions that Adorno had taken concerning Nazi genocidal actions that had seemed also to reflect something horribly errant in the history of thought itself. There was within such murderous acts, he had claimed, a particular degradation of death itself, a perpetration of our humanity bound in some way to affect our perception of reason itself. The contradictions regarding Auschwitz that Agamben senses to be latent within Adorno’s remarks involve the intuition ‘on the one hand, of having realized the unconditional triumph of death against life; on the other, of having degraded and debased death. Neither of these charges – perhaps like every charge, which is always a genuinely legal gesture – succeed in exhausting Auschwitz’s offense, in defining its case in point’ (RA 81). And this is the stance that Agamben wishes to hammer home quite emphatically vis-à-vis Adorno’s limitations, ones that, I would only add, seem to linger within Agamben’s own formulations in ways that he has still not come to reckon with entirely: ‘This oscillation’, he affirms, ‘betrays reason’s incapacity to identify the specific crime of Auschwitz with certainty’ (RA 81).

The World after the End of the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kas Saghafi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
End Of The World

In several late texts, Derrida meditated on Paul Celan's poem ‘Grosse, Glühende Wölbung’, in which the departure of the world is announced. Delving into the ‘origin’ and ‘history’ of the ‘conception’ of the world, this paper suggests that, for Derrida, the end of the world is determined by and from death—the death of the other. The death of the other marks, each and every time, the absolute end of the world.

Med. Dr. Adalbert Wraný (1836–1902) – doctor of medicine, mineral collector and donor to the National Museum in Prague

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-146
Author(s):  
Martin Bohatý ◽  
Dalibor Velebil
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Industrial Chemistry ◽  
Pediatric Pathology ◽  
Geological Institute ◽  
History Of ◽  
Precious Stones

Adalbert Wraný (*1836, †1902) was a doctor of medicine, with his primary specialization in pediatric pathology, and was also one of the founders of microscopic and chemical diagnostics. He was interested in natural sciences, chemistry, botany, paleontology and above all mineralogy. He wrote two books, one on the development of mineralogical research in Bohemia (1896), and the other on the history of industrial chemistry in Bohemia (1902). Wraný also assembled several natural science collections. During his lifetime, he gave to the National Museum large collections of rocks, a collection of cut precious stones and his library. He donated a collection of fossils to the Geological Institute of the Czech University (now Charles University). He was an inspector of the mineralogical collection of the National Museum. After his death, he bequeathed to the National Museum his collection of minerals and the rest of the gemstone collection. He donated paintings to the Prague City Museum, and other property to the Klar Institute of the Blind in Prague. The National Museum’s collection currently contains 4 325 samples of minerals, as well as 21 meteorites and several hundred cut precious stones from Wraný’s collection.

La ética del Otro: una introducción al pensamiento de Emmanuel Lévinas

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Carlos Alvaréz Teijeiro
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Essential Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
First Philosophy

Emmanuel Lévinas, the philosopher of ethics par excellence in the twentieth century, and by own merit one of the most important ethical philosophers in the history of western philosophy, is also the philosopher of the Other. Thereby, it can be said that no thought has deepened like his in the ups and downs of the ethical relationship between subject and otherness. The general objective of this work is to expose in a simple and understandable way some ideas that tend to be quite dark in the philosophical work of the author, since his profuse religious production will not be analyzed here. It is expected to show that his ideas about the being and the Other are relevant to better understand interpersonal relationships in times of 4.0 (re)evolution. As specific objectives, this work aims to expose in chronological order the main works of the thinker, with special emphasis on his ethical implications: Of the evasion (1935), The time and the Other (1947), From the existence to the existent (1947), Totality and infinity: An essay on exteriority (1961) and, last, Otherwise than being, or beyond essence (1974). In the judgment of Lévinas, history of western philosophy starting with Greece, has shown an unusual concern for the Being, this is, it has basically been an ontology and, accordingly, it has relegated ethics to a second or third plane. On the other hand and in a clear going against the tide movement, our author supports that ethics should be considered the first philosophy and more, even previous to the proper philosophize. This novel approach implies, as it is supposed, that the essential question of the philosophy slows down its origin around the Being in order to inquire about the Other: it is a philosophy in first person. Such a radical change of perspective generates an underlying change in how we conceive interpersonal relationships, the complex framework of meanings around the relationship Me and You, which also philosopher Martin Buber had already spoken of. As Lévinas postulates that ethics is the first philosophy, this involves that the Other claims all our attention, intellectual and emotional, to the point of considering that the relationship with the Other is one of the measures of our identity. Thus, “natural” attitude –husserlian word not used by Lévinas- would be to be in permanent disposition regarding to the meeting with the Other, to be in permanent opening state to let ourselves be questioned by him. Ontology, as the author says, being worried about the Being, has been likewise concerned about the Existence, when the matter is to concern about the particular Existent that every otherness supposes for us. In conclusion it can be affirmed that levinasian ethics of the meeting with the Other, particular Face, irreducible to the assumption, can contribute with an innovative looking to (re)evolving the interpersonal relationships in a 4.0 context.

Policy analysis and complexity – a non-equilibrium approach for integrated water management

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govert D. Geldof
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Control System ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Integrated Water Management ◽  
Equilibrium Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Groundwater Policy ◽  
Non Equilibrium

In integrated water management, the issues are often complex by nature, they are capable of subjective interpretation, are difficult to express in standards and exhibit many uncertainties. For such issues, an equilibrium approach is not appropriate. A non-equilibrium approach has to be applied. This implies that the processes to which the integrated issue pertains, are regarded as “alive”’. Instead of applying a control system as the model for tackling the issue, a network is used as the model. In this network, several “agents”’ are involved in the modification, revision and rearrangement of structures. It is therefore an on-going renewal process (perpetual novelty). In the planning process for the development of a groundwater policy for the municipality of Amsterdam, a non-equilibrium approach was adopted. In order to do justice to the integrated character of groundwater management, an approach was taken, containing the following features: (1) working from global to detailed, (2) taking account of the history of the system, (3) giving attention to communication, (4) building flexibility into the establishing of standards, and (5) combining reason and emotions. A middle course was sought, between static, rigid but reliable on the one hand; dynamic, flexible but vague on the other hand.

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