Gaze Anchoring to a Pointing Target Is Present During the Entire Pointing Movement and Is Driven by a Non-Visual Signal

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 961-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.F.W. Neggers ◽  
H. Bekkering
Keyword(s):  
Arm Movement ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Pointing Movement ◽  
Proprioceptive Signal ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Gaze Anchoring

A well-coordinated pattern of eye and hand movements can be observed during goal-directed arm movements. Typically, a saccadic eye movement precedes the arm movement, and its occurrence is temporally correlated with the start of the arm movement. Furthermore, the coupling of gaze and aiming movements is also observable after pointing initiation. It has recently been observed that saccades cannot be directed to new target stimuli, away from a pointing target stimulus. Saccades directed to targets presented during the final phase of a pointing movement were delayed until after pointing movement offset (“gaze anchoring”). The present study investigated whether ocular gaze is anchored to a pointing target during the entire pointing movement. In experiment 1, new targets were presented at various times during the duration of a pointing movement, triggered by the kinematics arm moment itself (movement onset, peak acceleration/velocity/deceleration, and offset). Subjects had to make a saccade to the new target as fast as possible while maintaining the pointing movement to the initial target. Saccadic latencies were increased by an amount of time that approximately equaled the remaining pointing time after saccadic target presentation, with the majority of saccades executed after pointing movement offset. The nature of the signal driving gaze stabilization during pointing was investigated in experiment 2. In previous experiments where ocular gaze was anchored to a pointing target, subjects could always see their moving arm, thus it was unknown whether a visual image of the moving arm, an afferent (proprioceptive) signal or an efferent (motor control related) signal produced gaze anchoring. In experiment 2 subjects had to point with or without vision of the moving arm to test whether a visual signal is used to anchor gaze to a pointing target. Results indicate that gaze anchoring was also observed without vision of the moving arm. The findings support the existence of a mechanism enforcing ocular gaze anchoring during the entire duration of a pointing movement. Moreover, such a mechanism uses an internally generated, or proprioceptive, nonvisual signal. Possible neural substrates underlying these processes are discussed, as well as the role of selective attention.

Role of the Rostral Superior Colliculus in Gaze Anchoring During Reach Movements

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 3153-3166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Reyes-Puerta ◽  
Roland Philipp ◽  
Werner Lindner ◽  
Klaus-Peter Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Gaze Anchoring ◽  
Hand Coordination ◽  
Reach Movements

When reaching for an object, primates usually look at their target before touching it with the hand. This gaze movement prior to the arm movement allows target fixation, which is usually prolonged until the target is reached. In this manner, a stable image of the object is provided on the fovea during the reach, which is crucial for guiding the final part of the hand trajectory by visual feedback. Here we investigated a neural substrate possibly responsible for this behavior. In particular we tested the influence of reaching movements on neurons recorded at the rostral pole of the superior colliculus (rSC), an area classically related to fixation. Most rSC neurons showed a significant increase in their activity during reaching. Moreover, this increase was particularly high when the reaching movements were preceded by corresponding saccades to the targets to be reached, probably revealing a stronger coupling of the oculo-manual neural system during such a natural task. However, none of the parameters tested—including movement kinematics and target location—was found to be closely related to the observed increase in neural activity. Thus the increase in activity during reaching was found to be rather nonspecific except for its dependence on whether the reach was produced in isolation or in combination with a gaze movement. These results identify the rSC as a neural substrate sufficient for gaze anchoring during natural reaching movements, placing its activity at the core of the neural system dedicated to eye-hand coordination.

scholarly journals A Scientometric Approach to Review the Role of the Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA) in Parental Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Alessandro Carollo ◽  
Jan Paolo Macapinlac Balagtas ◽  
Michelle Jin-Yee Neoh ◽  
Gianluca Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Medial Preoptic Area ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Scientometric Analysis ◽  
Parental Behaviour ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Relationship

Research investigating the neural substrates underpinning parental behaviour has recently gained momentum. Particularly, the hypothalamic medial preoptic area (MPOA) has been identified as a crucial region for parenting. The current study conducted a scientometric analysis of publications from 1 January 1972 to 19 January 2021 using CiteSpace software to determine trends in the scientific literature exploring the relationship between MPOA and parental behaviour. In total, 677 scientific papers were analysed, producing a network of 1509 nodes and 5498 links. Four major clusters were identified: “C-Fos Expression”, “Lactating Rat”, “Medial Preoptic Area Interaction” and “Parental Behavior”. Their content suggests an initial trend in which the properties of the MPOA in response to parental behavior were studied, followed by a growing attention towards the presence of a brain network, including the reward circuits, regulating such behavior. Furthermore, while attention was initially directed uniquely to maternal behavior, it has recently been extended to the understanding of paternal behaviors as well. Finally, although the majority of the studies were conducted on rodents, recent publications broaden the implications of previous documents to human parental behavior, giving insight into the mechanisms underlying postpartum depression. Potential directions in future works were also discussed.

Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex in pigeons (Columba livia)

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Gioanni ◽  
Pierre-Paul Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Columba Livia ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Context Cues

Context-specific adaptation (Shelhamer M, Clendaniel R. Neurosci Lett 332: 200–204, 2002) explains that reflexive responses can be maintained with different “calibrations” for different situations (contexts). Which context cues are crucial and how they combine to evoke context-specific adaptation is not fully understood. Gaze stabilization in birds is a nice model with which to tackle that question. Previous data showed that when pigeons ( Columba livia) were hung in a harness and subjected to a frontal airstream provoking a flying posture (“flying condition”), the working range of the optokinetic head response [optocollic reflex (OCR)] extended toward higher velocities compared with the “resting condition.” The present study was aimed at identifying which context cues are instrumental in recalibrating the OCR. We investigated that question by using vibrating stimuli delivered during the OCR provoked by rotating the visual surroundings at different velocities. The OCR gain increase and the boost of the fast phase velocity observed during the “flying condition” were mimicked by body vibration. On the other hand, the newly emerged relationship between the fast-phase and slow-phase velocities in the “flying condition” was mimicked by head vibration. Spinal cord lesion at the lumbosacral level decreased the effects of body vibration, whereas lesions of the lumbosacral apparatus had no effect. Our data suggest a major role of muscular proprioception in the context-specific adaptation of the stabilizing behavior, while the vestibular system could contribute to the context-specific adaptation of the orienting behavior. Participation of an efferent copy of the motor command driving the flight cannot be excluded.

Bread in the Festive and Ceremonial Food of Russians of the Arkhangelsk North in the Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
Александра Викторовна Фролова
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Significant Phenomenon ◽  
Large Round ◽  
Northern Russia ◽  
Peasant Family

В данной статье на основе архивных, публицистических и полевых материалов, собранных автором в деревнях Архангельского Севера в 1992-2011 гг., рассматриваются традиции употребления хлеба в праздничной и обрядовой пище севернорусского населения. Севернорусская, как и вся русская, традиционная кухня отражает преимущественно земледельческий характер народного хозяйства. Ведущее место в ней занимали хлебные, мучные и крупяные блюда в многочисленных вариантах. В статье рассмотрена роль хлеба и в центральном семейном торжестве крестьянина - свадебном обряде. Свадебные застолья - сложное, значительное и интересное явление народной культуры, вобравшее в себя разные стороны крестьянского мировоззрения и быта. Хлеб и другие изделия из муки располагались на столах особым образом и становились атрибутами этого действия. Так, ковриги хлеба, символизирующие жениха и невесту, способствовали их соединению и сами имитировали его. С хлебом связаны и обрядовые кормления скота на праздники, в частности, егорьевская обрядность. Как показало исследование, подобные традиции достаточно устойчивы и обладают локальной спецификой. This article considers the traditions of bread consumption in the festive and ritual food of the northern Russian population based on archival, journalistic and field materials collected by the author in villages of the Archangel North in 1992-2011. Like all Russian traditional cuisine, that of northern Russia reflects the character of the national economy, based on grain. The leading place in it was occupied by bread, flour and cereal dishes with many variations. The article considers the role of bread in the main celebration of the peasant family - the wedding rite. The wedding gathering is a complex, significant phenomenon of folk culture, which has reflected different sides of peasant life and its world view. Bread and other flour products were placed on tables in a special way and became attributes of this occasion. Thus the kovrigi (large round loaves) symbolized the groom and bride and contributed to their connection by offering a visual image of it. Bread is also used in the ritual feeding of livestock on holidays and in the Yegorievskaya rite. The study indicates that such traditions are quite stable and manifest local particularities.

scholarly journals Media aesthetic component of communication and its manifestation in infographic content

Lumina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Svetlana Simakova
Keyword(s):  
Visual Image ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Media Culture ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media

The goal of the present study is to demonstrate the media-aesthetic potential of infographic messages on particular cases. This can be done due to an integrated approach to the analysis of the visual content of media content. That indicates the case study method implementation as well as description and generalization. The theoretical basis of the research is represented by scientific studies of various directions. That includes the history of media and visual media culture; features of the concepts of media culture and media language, media aesthetics; infographics as a tool of media language. The empirical basis of the study is journalistic materials containing infographic content of such publications as by RIA Novosti (ria.ru), TASS (tass.ru). The examples of visual image implementation in the transmission of information — media content containing infographics — are given and analyzed. Considering media aesthetics as the formation of a sensory perception of the proposed media content, the author turns to the philosophical and aesthetic foundations of visual practices in the media and post-humanistic trends in journalism. As a result of the analysis of the theoretical and practical basis of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that today the role of the media aesthetic component of messages is most relevant. And infographics, as the connecting link of language and consciousness, is its most striking tool.

scholarly journals Using satellite images in teaching geography at school

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Atmospheric Fronts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Control Knowledge

Satellite images occupy a signifi cant place in the Earth Sciences. This fully applies to geography. Images of the Earth from space are used in various activities: to assess crops, to establish the boundaries of a phenomenon, to determine the degree of contamination of land or ocean surfaces, to search for minerals, and so on. But in school geography, satellite images are used very rarely - for example, to prove the sphericity of the Earth or to show the view of each continent from space. The purpose of this article is to highlight the methods of using satellite images in geography lessons at school and to create tasks based on these means of training. Main material. The history of using satellite images in school geography has been considered in the article. Advantages and disadvantages of satellite images as training tools are also noted. The role of satellite images in the formation of geographical representations is highlighted by the authors. These images realistically depict many natural phenomena (atmospheric fronts, cyclones, dust storms, etc.). Therefore, as a means of visualization, they contribute to the formation of memory representations in schoolchildren. Examples of a number of satellite images show how they can be used in teaching geography. The article off ers a methodical way of the use of satellite images at diff erent stages of learning. These images can be used to explain the training material, repeat it, control knowledge, and so on. Satellite images can be used to solve cartographic tasks. As practice has shown, we can perform creative tasks based on images. Conclusions. Satellite images play an important role in the system of teaching geography. The use of satellite images allows us to improve the pupils’ interest in the subject. Satellite images form geographical memory representations create a visual image of the natural appearance of the Earth. The study of educational opportunities of the Earth’s images from space has revealed three groups of requirements: pedagogical, technical and specific, determined by the content of school geography. The teacher should select satellite images based on the content of educational tasks of school geography.

scholarly journals Examining the role of red background in magnocellular contribution to face perception

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhuvanesh Awasthi ◽  
Mark A Williams ◽  
Jason Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Specific Property ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Movement Curvature

This study examines the role of the magnocellular system in the early stages of face perception, in particular sex categorization. Utilizing the specific property of magnocellular suppression in red light, we investigated visually guided reaching to low and high spatial frequency hybrid faces against red and grey backgrounds. The arm movement curvature measure shows that reduced response of the magnocellular pathway interferes with the low spatial frequency component of face perception. This is the first definitive behavioral evidence for magnocellular contribution to face perception.

Вasic research in ophthalmology – the modern perspective of new approaches to primary and secondary prevention of vascular diseases of the eye

2015 ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Nataliia Veselovska ◽  
Zoya Veselovska
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Primary And Secondary Prevention ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation ◽  
Literary Materials ◽  
Modern Perspective ◽  
High Information

This paper is presenting the literary materials about the necessity and importance of basic research in the field of medicine, particularly ophthalmology. These data revealed the analysis of well-known studies conducted by our famous scientists from different branches of medicine to explore different aspects of the functioning of the retina, to investigate the mechanisms of formation of the visual image, to define the role of individual cells in the function of color vision with different methods, to reveal the effects of ionizing radiation on the lens after Chernobyl disaster. This article contains the information about the results of learning the peculiarities of physiological and pathological processes in retina cells on the intracellular and membrane levels using the unique experimental techniques. The history aspects of some basic research in medicine and ophthalmology are revealed too. On these data the authors demonstrate the evidence of high information content and the importance of interdisciplinary research in the resolving of complex medical problems for the future of ophthalmology with involving the more informative methods of different subjects of medicine.

On gazers’ encounters with visual art: ekphrasis, readers, ‘iconotexts’1

2019 ◽  
pp. 237-256
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Visual Medium ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Verbal Representation ◽  
Informed Reader ◽  
Role Of The Reader ◽  
Concise Definition

This chapter defines ekphrasis concisely as ‘the verbal representation of real or fictive configurations composed in a non-kinetic visual medium’. It rejects narrower definitions that exclude texts on non-representational visual configurations, including architecture, or restrict the discourse to literary texts representing works of art. But with its emphasis on the text the concise definition unduly reinforces the consideration of ekphrasis as a form of ‘intermedial transposition’ in contemporary discourse on intermedial relations. An ekphrastic text should be primarily approached as the record of a viewer’s interpretive encounter with a non-kinetic visual configuration, which may not actually contain anything that has been ‘transposed’ from the image. This viewer may be the persona of a poem, a figure in a prose narrative, or an art critic. It is the reader’s task to construct these viewers in the interpretation of any ekphrastic text. But the role of the reader has not received much attention. This includes the question of the immediate mental reception of ekphrastic texts. The critical construct of ‘iconotexts’, suggesting that such verbal texts spontaneously trigger a mental visual image for the informed reader, is problematic, and even in a more general sense the term may be of limited critical use.

The role of arm movement in the early phase of trip recovery in younger and older adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. S291
Author(s):  
P.E. Roos ◽  
M.P. McGuigan ◽  
D.G. Kerwin ◽  
G. Trewartha
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Trip Recovery
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