Continuous Determination of Zinc Coating Weights on Steel by X-Ray Fluorescence

1962 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 345-351
Author(s):  
James A. Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Emission Line ◽  
Precise Measurement ◽  
Zinc Coating ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zinc Coatings ◽  
Coating Weight ◽  
Black Plate ◽  
Continuous Determination

AbstractThe measurement of the area density of zinc coatings on steel by X-ray fluorescence is considered from an instalment design point of view. Each of the two general approaches, i.e., measurement of the attenuation of the iron emission line by the zinc coating and measurement of the sine emission line has limitations. Calculations indicate that contrast requirements are best satisfied by the iron attenuation technique in the coating weight interval 0.2-1.2 oz/ft2 per side. Experimental data collected on galvanised and zinc foil samples are presented in support of this contention. Conversely, advantages in the application of the zinc emission method to very thin zinc coatings are pointed out. Spectral resolution is discussed in terms of the ultimate precision and range of coating weight measurements. For the iron attenuation method, it is concluded that a black plate to infinite zinc intensity ratio of approximately 500 permits reasonably precise measurement of zinc foil coating weights in the vicinity of 1.2 oz/ft2 per side. This requirement can be met through the use of a LiF monochroraator crystal and 5 in. of effective 0.020-in. flat plate collimation.

X-ray fluorescence determination of zinc sulfate in acidic zinc plating electrolyte

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
K. N. Vdovin ◽  
K. G. Pivovarova ◽  
N. A. Feoktistov ◽  
T. B. Ponamareva
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Zinc Coating ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Complexometric Titration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescence Determination ◽  
Zinc Plating ◽  
Zinc Determination

Zinc sulfate is the main component in the composition of the acidic zinc plating electrolyte. Deviation in the electrolyte composition from the optimum content leads to destabilization of the electrolysis process and deteriorate the quality of the resulting zinc coating. The proper quality of a zinc coating obtained by galvanic deposition can be ensured only with timely monitoring and adjustment of the electrolyte composition. A technique of X-ray fluorescence determination of zinc (in terms of zinc sulfate) in an acidic zinc plating electrolyte is proposed. The study was carried out using an ARL Quant’X energy dispersive spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) with a semiconductor silicon-lithium detector. The features of the spectrometer design are presented. The optimal parameters of excitation and detection of zinc radiation were specified when the electrolyte sample was diluted 1:1000. The ZnKα1 line was used as an analytical line. The plotted calibration graph is linear, the correlation coefficient being 0.999234. The results of zinc determination according to the developed method were compared with the data of the reference method of complexometric titration to prove the reliability of the procedure. The results are characterized by good convergence and accuracy. The proposed method of X-ray fluorescence zinc determination in a zinc plating electrolyte equals complexometric titration in the limiting capabilities and even exceeds the latter in terms of the simplicity of sample preparation and rapidity. The developed method of X-ray fluorescence determination of zinc is implemented in analysis of the electrolyte used in the continuous galvanizing unit at «METSERVIS LLC».

Study of the Temperature Effect on the Structure and Thickness of Hot-Dip Zinc Coatings on Fixing Products

2014 ◽  
Vol 698 ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Bondareva
Keyword(s):  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Zinc Coating ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Minimal Thickness ◽  
Galvanized Coating ◽  
Zinc Coatings ◽  
Scanning Electron

Hot-dip galvanizing of steels is usually performed by immersing the metal in a bath with molten zinc in the temperature range from 450 to 460 °C. In some cases it is necessary to obtain a minimal coating thickness. For example, high-strength bolts and other fixing products require a minimal thickness of the coating because a too thick zinc coating requires additional work on re-threading, which leads to spalling of coatings, a loss of corrosion resistance and, consequently, failure of the entire product. The main aim of this work was to study the influence of elevated temperatures of hot-dip galvanizing on the thickness and microstructure of zinc coatings on bolts and nut preform. The microstructure and elemental composition of the coating were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion X-ray microanalysis. It was found that the coating thickness obtained in the range between 475 and 535°C decreases with temperature and reaches a minimum at 535°C. The structure of the coating after high-temperature hot-dip galvanizing was fundamentally different from the structure of the coating made at standard temperatures 450-460°C. This coating formed at 535°C was dense, homogeneous, non-porous and composed of a mixture of the δ and ζ-phases without distinct phase boundaries. That’s why it was recommended to maintain the bath temperature in the range between 533°C and 537°C. It allows us to obtain a hot-dip galvanized coating of a minimal thickness and a good quality on fixing products.

Corrosion resistance of zinc electrodeposited from acidic and alkaline electrolytes using pulse current

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilda Zemanová
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Test ◽  
Pulse Current ◽  
Zinc Coating ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alkaline Electrolytes ◽  
Zinc Coatings ◽  
Chrome Iii

AbstractCorrosion resistance of zinc coatings was investigated in an accelerated corrosion test in a condensation chamber. Zinc was electrodeposited from alkaline and acidic electrolytes using direct current (DC) or pulse current (PC). The zinc coating was subsequently protected against corrosion with a chrome (III) layer. Morphology and structure of the coatings was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) before and after the corrosion test. Corrosion resistance of alkaline zinc coatings electrodeposited with DC and PC under test conditions was found to be comparable. The corrosion resistance of zinc coatings deposited from acidic electrolytes by PC was lower in comparison with corrosion resistance of zinc coatings deposited using DC.

On-Line Paint Coating Weight Gauge Using Compton Scattered X-Rays

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Naoki Matsuura ◽  
Shigetoshi Kurozumi ◽  
Tatsuo Fukuzaki ◽  
Tomoya Arai
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Zinc Coating ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Coating Film ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
On Line ◽  
Coating Weight

Coating weight measurements by X-ray fluorescence analysis have been well established technology in industrial applications. The coating film measurements such as tin-plated steel and galvanized steel are carried out with an on-line gauge which is based on laboratory experiments. The approximate sample speed is 200m/min for a tin plate gauge, 150m/min for galvanized steel and 100m/min for electrolytic zinc coating steel.

scholarly journals Study of Ti-V-Cr metal hydrides by neutron powder diffraction

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1762-C1762
Author(s):  
Thomas Bibienne ◽  
Roxana Flacau ◽  
Jean-Louis Bobet ◽  
Jacques Huot
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cast Alloy ◽  
Metal Hydrides ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Slow Kinetics ◽  
Melt Synthesis

Metal hydrides are interesting materials from a fundamental as well as practical point of view. In particular, Ti-based BCC solid solutions are considered as promising candidates for mobile applications because of their high volumetric capacities and room temperature operation. However, the slow kinetics of the first hydrogenation, the so-called activation step, is an important hurdle in the use of these alloys for practical applications. It has recently been shown that doping a Ti-V-Cr composition with Zr7Ni10 leads to a fast activation kinetic without heating treatment [1]. We studied the effect of this doping on two new Ti-V-Cr compositions: 52Ti-12V-36Cr and 42Ti-21V-37Cr. Two different doping methods were investigated: i) a single-melt synthesis where the raw materials (i.e. Ti, V, Cr, Zr and Ni) chunks were mixed and arc-melted; ii) co-melt synthesis where 52Ti-12V-36Cr and 7Zr-10Ni were arc-melted independently and thereafter re-melted together. Using only X-ray diffraction for structural identification does not provide information about hydrogen localization. Therefore, neutron diffraction is essential for complete determination of this class of hydrides. The peculiarity of the present alloys is that, for neutron diffraction, the scattering lengths of the elements almost cancel. Therefore, the neutron pattern of as-cast alloy shows very small Bragg peaks but the advantage is that the hydride is very easy to see and analyze. We performed in-situ neutron diffraction experiments during dehydrogenation of these materials to see the transition from the dihydride to monohydride. These measurements were complementary to X-ray and synchrotron radiation diffraction and enabled a better crystal structure determination of these alloys

The Crystal Structure of Rubber Hydrochloride

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-856
Author(s):  
C. W. Bunn ◽  
E. V. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
Ray Methods ◽  
Temperature Melting

Abstract “Rubber hydrochloride”, the crystalline substances made by addition of hydrogen chloride to rubber, is of interest for two reasons. First, the periodicity along the fibre axis of drawn specimens indicates that the carbon chain has not the simple plane zigzag form found in paraffin hydrocarbons, but is somewhat shortened by folding. There is similar evidence that several other chain polymers also have folded chains; the elucidation of the geometry of such molecules would form a useful contribution to our knowledge of the stereochemistry of carbon compounds in general and chain polymers in particular. Rubber hydrochloride appeared to be a suitable substance for crystallographic investigation from this point of view: it gives a well-defined x-ray diffraction pattern. Moreover, a prediction of the chain form has been made on the basis of a knowledge of the periodicity and the use of a hypothesis which has been called the principle of staggered bonds. The determination of the structure by x-ray methods forms the first test of the validity and usefulness of this hypothesis. Secondly, rubber hydrochloride is interesting on account of its physical properties. Unlike rubber itself, it is crystalline at room temperature, “melting” at about 115° C. The present work on its crystal structure forms part of a program of research being carried out in this laboratory, and is a contribution to the attempt to understand the physical properties of chain polymers in terms of molecular structure.

scholarly journals Influence of decyl glucoside on the electrodeposition of tin

2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Charrouf ◽  
Said Bakkali ◽  
Mohammed Cherkaoui ◽  
Mahassin Amrani
Keyword(s):  
Surface Active Agent ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Deposition Kinetics ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Acidic Sulphate

The aim of the present study was to improve an electrochemical deposition bath for tin coating an acidic sulphate medium by addition of decyl glucoside. The effects of this additve on the deposition kinetics were examined by electrochemical methods, namely voltammetry and galvanostatic tin-layer formation, while scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis allowed the determination of the morphological and structural modifications resulting from the addition of this new surface active agent. The presence of the examined additive induced an increase of the activation energy and of the overvoltage of the reduction of stannous ions. From the morphological point of view, a marked decrease in the grain size of the deposit was achieved in the presence of the additive. The preferential crystal growth axes was also changed from Sn (200) without additive to Sn (112) with the additive.

scholarly journals Determination of adhesion stages of the Fe-Ni ore at the Ferronikeli plant in Drenas

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Zarife Bajraktari-Gashi ◽  
Muharrem Zabeli ◽  
Erard Morina
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nickel Ores ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Rotary Kilns ◽  
The University

Abstract: Purpose. The process of calcine production in rotary kilns at the Ferronikeli plant in Drenas is realized with great difficulties as a result of the formation of large adhesions in the areas of rotary kilns. So far, the removal of load adhesions during the work process inside the rotary kilns is achieved only by their physical removal. The purpose of the paper is to determine the factors in reducing adhesions in the process of calcine production in the areas of rotary kilns, in the Ferronikeli plant in Drenas. Methodology. Chemical analysis of iron-nickel ore. The determination of the composition of the adhesives was performed with the X-RAY device, in the laboratory of the Ferronikeli plant. Method with the software Calphad 2020, at the University of Ljubljana. Findings. From the composition of iron-nickel ore, the composition of adhesives in rotary kilns, we manage to determine the thermodynamic phases and exothermic and endothermic processes that take place in the process of rotary kilns. From the determinations of the composition of the adhesives in the software alphad 2020, we manage to determine one of the factors that affect the formation of adhesives based on the stages during the process, which do not have a stability, as a result of high moisture content of iron-nickel ores. Originality. Based on the study at the Ferronikeli plant, shovels were placed on the walls of the rotary kilns in the three areas, the removal of fireclay bricks, the placement of anchored concrete and the project for the placement of two kilns for kiln ore were started. Practical value.The placement of the shovels has increased the temperature inside the rotary kilns. While the placement of dryers will have an impact on reducing the adhesions inside the rotary kilns and from the economic point of view, we will have a reduction of fuels in the load of the rotary kilns.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of pyridine-3-carboxylic acid hexamolybdochromate (С6H5NO2)2[H3O]4[CrMo6O18(OH)6].4Н2О

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Garry Z. Kaziev ◽  
◽  
Anna F. Stepnova ◽  
Van Bang Nguyen ◽  
Viktor N. Khrustalev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Ir Spectroscopic

The Chemistry of heteropoly compounds (HPC) is one of the modern direction of Coordination chemistry. In current times, the high importance in the development of HPC chemistry is the synthesis of new hybrid, organic-inorganic heteropolystructures with preassigned physicochemical properties as well as the determination of common factors of change in these properties depending on the composition and structure. The X-ray diffraction study of the obtained compounds has showed that the packing of molecules into crystals is carried out with the formation of through channels along the c axis, which can play a significant role, for example, during catalytic processes. The ability of natural nicotinic acid to form complexes with heteropolyanion [CrMo6(ОН)6O18]4- is known. The high biological activity of nicotinic acid, as well as the activity of a number of polymetallates to the suppression of certain types of viruses which was described in the literature, make it possible to consider hybrid materials based on these substances promising from the point of view of the consciousness of new pharmaceuticals. Based on this data, we have synthesized pyridine-3-carboxylic acid hexamolybdochromate of composition (С6H5NO2)2[H3O]4[CrMo6O18(OH)6].4Н2О. The compound was studied by chemical, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, NMR and IR spectroscopic methods of analysis. It is established that the synthesized compound crystallizes in triclinic syngony with unit cell parameters: а = 9.1640(8)Å, b = 10.6441(11)Å, с = 10.8241(12)Å; α = 95.968(10)°, β = 109.864(12)°, γ = 105.059(11)°; calc .= 2.502 g/cm3, V = 937.2(2) Å3; Z = 1.

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