Leveling Device for Forming X-Ray Specimen

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 369-370
Author(s):  
Vann Y. Won
Keyword(s):  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Trapped Air ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Specimen Material ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Analysis Window ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Open Face

A device was made for preparing accurate definition of surface, depth and volume of liquid x-ray fluorescence specimens.The apparatus used in conjunction with a specimen holder and plastic film window material accurately and consistently forms a flat bobble-free analysis window on the open face of the specimen holder. The specimen holder in the form of a shallow cylinderical cup is slightly over filled and covered by the plastic film. Placement of the mating leveling apparatus over the film squeezes out trapped air bubbles, levels the exposed face of the specimen, draws the plastic film tightly over the exposed face of the specimen and allows easy installation of a film retaining O-ring to maintain the specimen material in a level state within the holder.

Effects of trapped air bubbles on frequency responses of the piezo-driven inkjet printheads and visualization of the bubbles using synchrotron X-ray

2009 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung-Hun Kim ◽  
Tae-Gyun Kim ◽  
Tae-Kyung Lee ◽  
Sungwook Kim ◽  
Seung-Joo Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Bubbles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Trapped Air ◽  
Frequency Responses

Resolution and measurement in the scanning electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 534-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Postek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Instrument Resolution ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The term ultimate resolution or resolving power is the very best performance that can be obtained from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) given the optimum instrumental conditions and sample. However, as it relates to SEM users, the conventional definitions of this figure are ambiguous. The numbers quoted for the resolution of an instrument are not only theoretically derived, but are also verified through the direct measurement of images on micrographs. However, the samples commonly used for this purpose are specifically optimized for the measurement of instrument resolution and are most often not typical of the sample used in practical applications.SEM RESOLUTION. Some instruments resolve better than others either due to engineering design or other reasons. There is no definitively accurate definition of how to quantify instrument resolution and its measurement in the SEM.

High-purity Ge x-ray detectors: Sensitivity factors and usefulness

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 548-548
Author(s):  
E. B. Steel
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Quantitative Chemical Analysis ◽  
Detector Performance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Detector Sensitivity ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Many Instruments ◽  
Charge Resolution ◽  
Sensitivity Factors

High Purity Germanium (HPGe) x-ray detectors are now commercially available for the analytical electron microscope (AEM). The detectors have superior efficiency at high x-ray energies and superior resolution compared to traditional lithium-drifted silicon [Si(Li)] detectors. However, just as for the Si(Li), the use of the HPGe detectors requires the determination of sensitivity factors for the quantitative chemical analysis of specimens in the AEM. Detector performance, including incomplete charge, resolution, and durability has been compared to a first generation detector. Sensitivity factors for many elements with atomic numbers 10 through 92 have been determined at 100, 200, and 300 keV. This data is compared to Si(Li) detector sensitivity factors.The overall sensitivity and utility of high energy K-lines are reviewed and discussed. Many instruments have one or more high energy K-line backgrounds that will affect specific analytes. One detector-instrument-specimen holder combination had a consistent Pb K-line background while another had a W K-line background.

Dasein, personeidad, intersubjetividad y persona-núcleo. El sujeto relacional después de Heidegger, en Zubiri, Apel y Polo. Dasein, Personhood, Inter-subjectivity and Nucleus-Person. The Relational Subject after Heidegger, in Zubiri, Apel and Polo

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ortiz de Landázuri
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Strategies ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Being There ◽  
Definition Of

Heidegger, Zubiri, Apel y Polo habrían propuesto una definición más correcta de las respectivas nociones de sujeto relacional humano, a saber: “Dasein” o “ser-ahí”; “personeidad” o “esencia abierta”; “intersubjetividad” o “la llamada por parte de los entes a diversos interlocutores”; y, finalmente, “persona-núcleo” o “agente mediador entre los entes y el ser”. Se pretendía así evitar una vuelta a las paradojas del “sujeto transcendental” en Kant, del “yo absoluto” en Hegel o del “sujeto fenomenológico” en Husserl. Sin embargo en cada caso se siguieron estrategias heurísticas específicamente distintas a la hora de conceptualizar dicho sujeto relacional: Heidegger propuso una superación de la noción de “sujeto fenomenológico” en Husserl; Zubiri, en cambio, defendería una recuperación de la noción de “sujeto fenomenológico” en Husserl; por su parte, Apel propondría una reformulación semióticamente transformada del “Dasein” heideggeriano; finalmente, Polo propondría una reformulación gnoseológica de la noción de “Dasein” heideggeriano.Heidegger, Zubiri, Apel, and Polo have proposed a more accurate definition of the respective notions of human relational subject: “Dasein” or “being-there”; “Personhood” or “open essence”; “inter-subjectivity” or “entities’ appeal to diverse interlocutors”; and, finally, “nucleus-person” or “mediator between entities and being”. The aim is to avoid a return to Kant’s transcendental subject paradoxes and Hegel’s “absolute I” or Husserl´s “fenomenological subject”. But in each case specifically different heuristic strategies were followed when conceptualizing said relational subject: Heidegger proposed overcoming the notion of “phenomenological subject” in Husserl; Zubiri, however, defend the recovery of the notion of “phenomenological subject” in Husserl; meanwhile, Apel propose a transformed semiotically reformulation of Heidegger’s “Dasein”; finally, Polo propose a reformulation of the epistemological notion of Heidegger’s “Dasein”.

scholarly journals Advancing UK Regulatory Science Strategy in the Context of Global Regulation: a Stakeholder Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Cruz Rivera ◽  
Barbara Torlinska ◽  
Eliot Marston ◽  
Alastair K. Denniston ◽  
Kathy Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Regulatory Science ◽  
International Strategy ◽  
Free Text ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Healthcare Innovation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Abstract Background The UK’s transition from the European Union creates both an urgent need and key opportunity for the UK and its global collaborators to consider new approaches to the regulation of emerging technologies, underpinned by regulatory science. This survey aimed to identify the most accurate definition of regulatory science, to define strategic areas of the regulation of healthcare innovation which can be informed through regulatory science and to explore the training and infrastructure needed to advance UK and international regulatory science. Methods A survey was distributed to UK healthcare professionals, academics, patients, health technology assessment agencies, ethicists and trade associations, as well as international regulators, pharmaceutical companies and small or medium enterprises which have expertise in regulatory science and in developing or applying regulation in healthcare. Subsequently, a descriptive quantitative analyses of survey results and directed thematic analysis of free-text comments were applied. Results Priority areas for UK regulatory science identified by 145 participants included the following: flexibility: the capability of regulations to adapt to novel products and target patient outcomes; co-development: collaboration across sectors, e.g. patients, manufacturers, regulators, and educators working together to develop appropriate training for novel product deployment; responsiveness: the preparation of frameworks which enable timely innovation required by emerging events; speed: the rate at which new products can reach the market; reimbursement: developing effective tools to track and evaluate outcomes for “pay for performance” products; and education and professional development. Conclusions The UK has a time-critical opportunity to establish its national and international strategy for regulatory science leadership by harnessing broader academic input, developing strategic cross-sector collaborations, incorporating patients’ experiences and perspectives, and investing in a skilled workforce.

scholarly journals Characterization of Spent Ni-MH Batteries

2012 ◽  
Vol 730-732 ◽  
pp. 569-574
Author(s):  
Marta Cabral ◽  
Fernanda Margarido ◽  
Carlos A. Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leaching Experiments ◽  
Plastic Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Spent Ni-MH batteries are not considered too dangerous for the environment, but they have a considerable economical value due to the chemical composition of electrodes which are highly concentrated in metals. The present work aimed at the physical and chemical characterisation of spent cylindrical and thin prismatic Ni-MH batteries, contributing for a better definition of the recycling process of these spent products. The electrode materials correspond to more than 50% of the batteries weight and contain essentially nickel and rare earths (RE), and other secondary elements (Co, Mn, Al). The remaining components are the steel parts from the external case and supporting grids (near 30%) containing Fe and Ni, and the plastic components (<10%). Elemental quantitative analysis showed that the electrodes are highly concentrated in metals. Phase identification by X-ray powder diffraction combined with chemical analysis and leaching experiments allowed advancing the electrode materials composition. The cathode is essentially constituted by 6% metallic Ni, 66% Ni(OH)2, 4.3% Co(OH)2 and the anode consists mainly in 62% RENi5 and 17% of substitutes and/or additives such as Co, Mn and Al.

Cervical cytologic abnormalities and negative colposcopy: histologic assessment

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chenoy ◽  
S. Manohar ◽  
C. W.E. Redman ◽  
D. M. Luesley
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
Histologic Diagnosis ◽  
Abnormal Cervical Cytology ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Cone Biopsy ◽  
Histologic Evaluation ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cytologic Abnormalities ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesions

Colposcopic assessment may be normal in the presence of severe or persistent minor cytologic abnormality. To assess the significance of negative satisfactory colposcopy in patients with abnormal cervical smears, a retrospective review was carried out on 1170 patients who had undergone out-patient loop diathermy excision for abnormal cervical cytology. Of these, 69 patients were treated for abnormal cervical cytology, despite normal colposcopic findings. Cytologic abnormalities ranged from persistent borderline changes to severe dyskariosis. Histologic assessment of the excision specimens revealed cervical intraepithalial neoplasia (CIN) in 43 (62.3%) cases, of which high-grade CIN accounted for 24 (34.8%) cases. There was good correlation between cytologic and histologic diagnosis. Simple regression analysis showedr= 0.46,P< 0.0001. The cytologic abnormality was highly predictive of the corresponding histologic diagnosis. This analysis has shown that significant intraepithelial lesions may exist despite negative colposcopic examination and highlights the need for histologic evaluation in such cases. In these circumstances, loop cone biopsy permits accurate definition of lesion severity, avoids potential undertreatment of significant lesions and causes less morbidity than conventional cone biopsy.

scholarly journals Reliable Learning with PDE-Based CNNs and DenseNets for Detecting COVID-19, Pneumonia, and Tuberculosis from Chest X-Ray Images

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 434
Author(s):  
Anca Nicoleta Marginean ◽  
Delia Doris Muntean ◽  
George Adrian Muntean ◽  
Adelina Priscu ◽  
Adrian Groza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Direct Training ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Normal Chest ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Definition Of

It has recently been shown that the interpretation by partial differential equations (PDEs) of a class of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) supports definition of architectures such as parabolic and hyperbolic networks. These networks have provable properties regarding the stability against the perturbations of the input features. Aiming for robustness, we tackle the problem of detecting changes in chest X-ray images that may be suggestive of COVID-19 with parabolic and hyperbolic CNNs and with domain-specific transfer learning. To this end, we compile public data on patients diagnosed with COVID-19, pneumonia, and tuberculosis, along with normal chest X-ray images. The negative impact of the small number of COVID-19 images is reduced by applying transfer learning in several ways. For the parabolic and hyperbolic networks, we pretrain the networks on normal and pneumonia images and further use the obtained weights as the initializers for the networks to discriminate between COVID-19, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and normal aspects. For DenseNets, we apply transfer learning twice. First, the ImageNet pretrained weights are used to train on the CheXpert dataset, which includes 14 common radiological observations (e.g., lung opacity, cardiomegaly, fracture, support devices). Then, the weights are used to initialize the network which detects COVID-19 and the three other classes. The resulting networks are compared in terms of how well they adapt to the small number of COVID-19 images. According to our quantitative and qualitative analysis, the resulting networks are more reliable compared to those obtained by direct training on the targeted dataset.

Theism and Hypertheism

1943 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
John Laird
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Theists, I suppose, are persons who believe in “God's” existence. Atheists are persons who deny the same.Such statements may be suitable, and even adequate, for many proper purposes. In several contexts it is silly or malicious to interrogate them closely. Even in theology, which is, or should be, some kind of science, they may have, and they do have, their use and their propriety. For many theological purposes, however (and also for some others) they are far too vague. It may be wrong, no doubt, to tell a theologian that he must either produce an accurate definition of what he means by “God” or be forever shamed.

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