scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Pregnancy

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-309
Author(s):  
Yasemin Arikan ◽  
David R Burdge
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission Of Hiv ◽  
In Pregnancy

The incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in women of child-bearing age continue to increase both internationally and in Canada. The care of HIV-infected pregnant women is complex, and multiple issues must be addressed, including the current and future health of the woman, minimization of the risk of maternal-infant HIV transmission, and maintenance of the well-being of the fetus and neonate. Vertical transmission of HIV can occur in utero, intrapartum and postpartum, but current evidence suggests that the majority of transmission occurs toward end of term, or during labour and delivery. Several maternal and obstetrical factors influence transmission rates, which can be reduced by optimal medical and obstetrical care. Zidovudine therapy has been demonstrated to reduce maternal-infant transmission significantly, but several issues, including the short and long term safety of antiretrovirals and the optimal use of combination antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy, remain to be defined. It is essential that health care workers providing care to these women fully understand the natural history of HIV disease in pregnancy, the factors that affect vertical transmission and the management issues during pregnancy. Close collaboration among a multidisciplinary team of knowledgeable health professionals and, most importantly, the woman herself can improve both maternal and infant outcomes.

scholarly journals Serum Level of Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) RNA, Infant Mortality, and Vertical Transmission of HIV in Zimbabwe

1999 ◽  
Vol 179 (6) ◽  
pp. 1382-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Katzenstein ◽  
Michael Mbizvo ◽  
Lynn Zijenah ◽  
Tristan Gittens ◽  
Marshall Munjoma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Serum Level ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission Of Hiv

Pregnancy planning preferences among people and couples affected by human immunodeficiency virus: Piloting a discrete choice experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Loutfy ◽  
V Logan Kennedy ◽  
Morvarid Sanandaji ◽  
Fatimatou Barry ◽  
Fanta Ongoiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Pregnancy Planning ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Seroconcordant Couples

Decision-making related to pregnancy planning is complex and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may further complicate the process. With increasing rates of pregnancy among individuals affected by HIV, the need to understand decision-making is imperative. The primary objectives of this pilot study were to confirm the feasibility of using discrete choice experimentation (DCE) to elicit an understanding of this process and to determine the acceptability of the choice factors that were included in two novel DCEs, while gathering a preliminary understanding of preference. The choice attributes were risk of vertical HIV transmission, risk of horizontal HIV transmission, cost, probability of conception, method of conception, and travel time. Thirteen respondents completed a DCE for serodiscordant couples in which the female partner was HIV-positive, and 12 respondents completed a DCE for seroconcordant couples. All respondents’ utility for an increased chance of a successful pregnancy was positive and statistically significant. In the serodiscordant dyads, the attributes of risk of horizontal transmission, risk of vertical transmission, a 5-h travel time to clinic, and cost were significantly associated with decreased utility. In the seroconcordant dyads, only the attributes of chance of risk of vertical transmission and cost were significantly associated with decreased utility. The serodiscordant dyads preferred home insemination with a syringe and the seroconcordant couples preferred conception methods within fertility clinics, over condomless sex with timed ovulation. On average, participants were willing to pay more for greater chance of conception and less willing to pay for increased risk of transmission. Couples affected by HIV are willing to participate in a DCE and the attributes that were included all seem relevant except risk of vertical transmission. There are various real-life trade-offs that are made during pregnancy planning with HIV and better understanding of these can be useful for clinicians during preconception counseling.

scholarly journals Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection.

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Domachowske
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Infection Prophylaxis ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Childhood Morbidity ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission Of Hiv ◽  
Appropriate Therapy

In the past decade, an increase in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has had a substantial impact on childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. The vertical transmission of HIV from mother to infant accounts for the vast majority of these cases. Identification of HIV-infected pregnant women needs to be impoved so that appropriate therapy can be initiated for both mothers and infants. While recent data demonstrate a dramatic decrease in HIV transmission from a subset of women treated with zidovudine during pregnancy, further efforts at reducing transmission are desperately needed. This review focuses on vertically transmitted HIV infection in children, its epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, natural history, and clinical manifestations including infectious and noninfectious complications. An overview of the complex medical management of these children ensues, including the use of antiretroviral therapy. Opportunistic infection prophylaxis is reviewed, along with the important role of other supportive therapies.

A review of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and postpartum depression

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 288-292
Author(s):  
Kent Owusu ◽  
Ravin Patel ◽  
Allison M. Chung
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Child Bearing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission Of Hiv ◽  
Incidence Risk

Depression is common among HIV-infected women, predicts treatment non-adherence, and may impact mother to daughter (vertical) transmission of HIV. A majority of women who develop HIV are of child-bearing age, and are at risk for postpartum depression (PPD). A literature review was performed to analyze the literature regarding PPD in HIV-positive women. This review specifically looked at literature regarding the incidence, risk factors, outcomes, and treatment of PPD in HIV-positive women compared to the general population. While existing literature is limited, it seems to imply that there is no difference between HIV-positive women and unaffected women when it comes to PPD incidence or risk factors. A majority of studies did conclude that routine screenings are needed for depressive symptoms in HIV-positive women.

scholarly journals Novel Strategy To Adapt Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus E1 Carryingenvfrom an RV144 Volunteer to Rhesus Macaques: Coreceptor Switch and Final Recovery of a Pathogenic Virus with Exclusive R5 Tropism

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna B. Scinto ◽  
Sandeep Gupta ◽  
Swati Thorat ◽  
Muhammad M. Mukhtar ◽  
Anthony Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Placebo Recipient ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Coreceptor Switch ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Hiv Acquisition

ABSTRACTThe phase III RV144 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial conducted in Thailand remains the only study to show efficacy in decreasing the HIV acquisition risk. In Thailand, circulating recombinant forms of HIV clade A/E (CRF01_AE) predominate; in such viruses,envoriginates from clade E (HIV-E). We constructed a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) chimera carryingenvisolated from an RV144 placebo recipient in the SHIV-1157ipd3N4 backbone. The latter contains long terminal repeats (LTRs) with duplicated NF-κB sites, thus resembling HIV LTRs. We devised a novel strategy to adapt the parental infectious molecular clone (IMC), R5 SHIV-E1, to rhesus macaques: the simultaneous depletion of B and CD8+cells followed by the intramuscular inoculation of proviral DNA and repeated administrations of cell-free virus. High-level viremia and CD4+T-cell depletion ensued. Passage 3 virus unexpectedly caused acute, irreversible CD4+T-cell loss; the partially adapted SHIV had become dual tropic. Virus and IMCs with exclusive R5 tropism were reisolated from earlier passages, combined, and used to complete adaptation through additional macaques. The final isolate, SHIV-E1p5, remained solely R5 tropic. It had a tier 2 neutralization phenotype, was mucosally transmissible, and was pathogenic. Deep sequencing revealed 99% Env amino acid sequence conservation; X4-only and dual-tropic strains had evolved independently from an early branch of parental SHIV-E1. To conclude, our primate model data reveal that SHIV-E1p5 recapitulates important aspects of HIV transmission and pathobiology in humans.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding the protective principles that lead to a safe, effective vaccine against HIV in nonhuman primate (NHP) models requires test viruses that allow the evaluation of anti-HIV envelope responses. Reduced HIV acquisition risk in RV144 has been linked to nonneutralizing IgG antibodies with a range of effector activities. Definitive experiments to decipher the mechanisms of the partial protection observed in RV144 require passive-immunization studies in NHPs with a relevant test virus. We have generated such a virus by insertingenvfrom an RV144 placebo recipient into a SHIV backbone with HIV-like LTRs. The final SHIV-E1p5 isolate, grown in rhesus monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells, was mucosally transmissible and pathogenic. Earlier SHIV-E passages showed a coreceptor switch, again mimicking HIV biology in humans. Thus, our series of SHIV-E strains mirrors HIV transmission and disease progression in humans. SHIV-E1p5 represents a biologically relevant tool to assess prevention strategies.

scholarly journals DC-SIGN Interactions with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Virus Binding and Transfer Are Dissociable Functions

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (21) ◽  
pp. 10523-10526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pöhlmann ◽  
George J. Leslie ◽  
Terri G. Edwards ◽  
Todd Macfarlan ◽  
Jacqueline D. Reeves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Virus Binding ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Virus

ABSTRACT The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR capture and transfer human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to susceptible cells, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we show that DC-SIGN/DC-SIGNR-mediated HIV transmission involves dissociable binding and transfer steps, indicating that efficient virus transmission is not simply due to tethering of virus to the cell surface.

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