scholarly journals Mating System of Free-Ranging Dogs (Canis familiaris)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Pal
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Old Adult ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Number Of Males

Fourteen females belonging to five groups were selected for the study of mating system in free-ranging domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) All the matings occurred between August and December with a peak in late monsoon months (September to November). Both males and females differed in their degree of attractiveness to the opposite sex. The duration of courting association increased with the number of courting males in an association. The females exhibited selectivity by readily permitting some males to mate and avoiding, or even attacking others, if they attempted to mount. Frequency of mounting in courting association increased with the number of males present. There was a positive correlation between the duration of courting association and the frequency of mounting. The young adult males were more likely to copulate successfully than the old adult males. There was a negative correlation between the number of males present in an association and the number of successful copulations. In this study, six types of mating (monogamy, polygyny, promiscuity, polyandry, opportunity and rape) were recorded. Mean (±S.E.) duration ofcopulatory tieswas 25.65 (±1.43) min. Several natural factors influencing the duration of copulatory ties were identified.

scholarly journals How accurately do behavioural observations predict reproductive success in free-ranging lizards?

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 20190030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mats Olsson ◽  
Tonia S. Schwartz ◽  
Erik Wapstra ◽  
Richard Shine
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Lacerta Agilis ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Number Of Males ◽  
Variance In Reproductive Success

Behavioural ecologists often use data on patterns of male–female association to infer reproductive success of free-ranging animals. For example, a male seen with several females during the mating season is predicted to father more offspring than a male not seen with any females. We explored the putative correlation between this behaviour and actual paternity (as revealed by microsatellite data) from a long-term study on sand lizards ( Lacerta agilis ), including behavioural observations of 574 adult males and 289 adult females, and paternity assignment of more than 2500 offspring during 1998–2007. The number of males that contributed paternity to a female's clutch was correlated with the number of males seen accompanying her in the field, but not with the number of copulation scars on her body. The number of females that a male accompanied in the field predicted the number of females with whom he fathered offspring, and his annual reproductive success (number of progeny). Although behavioural data explained less than one-third of total variance in reproductive success, our analysis supports the utility of behavioural-ecology studies for predicting paternity in free-ranging reptiles.

Sex and Contextual Differences in the Appropriateness of Assertive Behavior

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha M. Linehan ◽  
Rita Furst Seifert
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Sequence ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Situational Context ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Assertive Behavior ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normative Ratings ◽  
Behavior Sequences ◽  
Contextual Differences

A series of one-line descriptions of assertive behavior sequences were written so that the situational context was systematically varied. Adult males and females were asked to rate how appropriate each behavioral sequence would be if performed by men and if performed by women (normative appropriateness). The same persons were also asked to estimate how appropriately a typical man and a typical woman would rate them if they engaged in the same behavior (expected appropriateness). Analyses of normative ratings indicated that assertion by women is viewed as slightly more appropriate than that by men, at least when carried out with opposite sex friends and spouses. Both males and females expected higher appropriateness ratings from their own sex. Both normative and expected appropriateness varied as a function of situational context.

Sociobiology of Rhesus Monkeys Iii: the Basic Communication Network

Behaviour ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 17-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Altmann
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Age Changes ◽  
Random Interactions ◽  
Social Signal ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Juvenile Males ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractThe observed distribution among age-sex classes of socially significant behavior in free-ranging rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago was tested against a series of progressively stronger null hypotheses. The first hypothesis was of purely random interactions, in which it was assumed that all individuals were equally likely to interact, all were as likely to be actor as to be object of any social signal, and all chose their social partners at random. This model proved untenable. In particular, adult males and females interacted with each other much more often than expected from the random model, and adult males interacted more often than expected with other males, both adult and juvenile. Juvenile females tended to interact relatively infrequently with other animals of any age-sex class. Adult males and juveniles of both sexes seldom interacted with infants. A second model, which took into account these age changes and sex differences in reactivity, but ignored the possibility of social preferences and assumed that interactions could be predicted from the overall reactivity or sociability of the monkeys involved, was also inadequate to account for the observed results. Apparently rhesus social behavior not only changes with age and differs with sex, but also is affected by "attractions" and "repulsions" within the group. The result was frequent interaction between adult males and females, between adult females and infants, and among juvenile males. Juvenile females, despite their general nonsociability, were apparently attracted to juvenile males, with whom they intracted more often than expected. Males, both adult and juvenile, tended to avoid infants, and vice versa. Adult males tended to avoid and to be avoided by juveniles of both sexes. Finally, the effects on paired interactions of these age changes, sex differences attractions and repulsions constitute a new model expressed in the form of an action constant and a receptivity constant for each age-sex class, and two interaction constants for each pair of age-sex classes. A method is given for extrapolating the results to populations with other compositions.

scholarly journals Behaviourally specific preferred associations in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops spp.

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1566-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Gero ◽  
L Bejder ◽  
H Whitehead ◽  
J Mann ◽  
R C Connor
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Behavioural State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Association Group ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging

We investigated association patterns of 52 photographically identified, free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp. Gervais, 1855) across four behavioural states (rest, travel, social, and foraging/feeding) to investigate how behavioural state influences patterns of association. Group composition and behavioural data were extracted from 2178 encounter surveys collected over 3 years. Analyses revealed three general types of association: (1) affiliates, which consistently demonstrate preferred associations across all behavioural states; (2) acquaintances, which never form preferred associations but still associate in at least one behavioural state; and (3) behavioural associates, which form preferred associations in at least one, but not all behavioural states. The majority of associations in Shark Bay, Australia, are acquaintance type (38.2%), with affiliates (5.7%, principally between adult males) and behavioural associates (28.9%, principally between juveniles) being relatively rarer. Permutation tests identified behaviourally specific preferred associations during all behavioural states. Although behaviourally specific preferred associations appear to exist within the Shark Bay social structure, it seems that the social organization and mating system constrain the social relationships for the majority of males and females in differing ways which prevent them from having behavioural associates, leaving juveniles free to associate based on short-term expediency and behavioural specific needs.

Interactions among adult males and females before and after the death of the alpha male in a free-ranging troop of Japanese macaques

Primates ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Nakamichi ◽  
Yasuo Kojima ◽  
Naosuke Itoigawa ◽  
Shinji Imakawa ◽  
Shoji Machida
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Mating Systems of the Tree-Killing Bark Beetle Polygraphus proximus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Köbayashi ◽  
Etsuro Takagi
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Mass Mortality ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polygraphus Proximus ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Number Of Males

Abstract Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) has caused mass mortality of fir (Abies spp. (Pinaceae)) forests across large areas of Russia in the past decade. More recently, mass mortality of A. veitchii  Lindl. due to P. proximus infestation has been reported in Japan. This bark beetle species traditionally has been considered to be polygynous because their galleries have multiple gallery arms, and because harem-polygyny is common in the tribe Polygraphini. Although the mating system(s) potentially could have a marked effect on their reproductive success and population dynamics, the reproductive behavior of the tree-killing bark beetle P. proximus has not been investigated in detail in a natural setting in Japan. We, therefore, investigated the number of males and females in a gallery and the number of gallery arms in Abies species in Japan. None of the galleries examined contained more than one male, and 57.2% of the galleries had multiple gallery arms, even though only 2.8% of the galleries contained two females. The findings showed that the typical mating system employed by P. proximus is monogyny and that this species constructs multiple gallery arms in each gallery. In addition, 70.4% of galleries in which the sex of adult beetles could be determined contained no males, and 26.6% contained no females, suggesting that P. proximus males and females re-emerge.

Daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from south Texas

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R.E. Aiken ◽  
A. Duarte ◽  
R.S. Luna ◽  
D.M. Wolcott ◽  
F.W. Weckerly
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Organ Mass ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Insight Into

Understanding rumen–reticulum fill dynamics gives us insight into how environmental conditions influence animal behaviors that affect when animals access forage. We examined whether there were daytime declines in rumen–reticulum fill in response to high ambient temperatures in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) on a diurnal scale. We hypothesized that to reduce heat-producing digestive processes in the heat of the day, rumen–reticulum fill and digestion in the rumen–reticulum would decline throughout the day. We collected the rumina and reticula of adult males and females across 30 h in two autumns in south Texas, USA. We also measured dry digesta mass, organ mass, and crude protein and acid detergent fiber concentrations of rumen–reticulum contents. In males, dry digesta mass declined throughout the day and crude protein concentrations were greatest when wet digesta and organ mass were the largest. Additionally, declines in dry digesta and wet digesta mass coincided with declines in crude protein concentrations and organ mass. Females did not display declines in rumen–reticulum fill (wet mass). Females were probably less vulnerable to heat than males because of their smaller body size. Male white-tailed deer foraged primarily during the cooler nights to reduce foraging and digestion during the heat of the day.

Size-At-Age Variability and Sexual Dimorphism of Morphometric Characteristics in the Late Ontogenesis of the Marsh Frog, Pelophylax Ridibundus (Anura, Ranidae), from Terrytory of Crimea

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
V. N. Peskov ◽  
N. A. Petrenko ◽  
V. Yu. Reminnyi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Marsh Frog ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Size At Age ◽  
Linear Body

Abstract We study size-at-age and sexual variability of morphometric characteristics of the marsh frog. According to the size of the body, males were divided into three size-age groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus), females — into four groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus, adultus-I). We found that the chronological age of frogs (skeletochronology) does not always correspond to their biological age (size and proportions of the body). We noted that the semi-adult males are reliably larger than females by mean values of 26 studied morphometric characters. Males and females of “adultus” group do not differ by linear body size, significant differences were found in body proportions (7 characters). For the females of “adultus-I” group, the mean values of 26 characters are significantly larger than for “adultus” males. The results of our study showed that with the age of the marsh frog, the level of exhibition, directionality and structure of morphometric sex differences changes.

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