Calcium Oxide Derived from Waste Shells of Mussel, Cockle, and Scallop as the Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Oyster andPyramidellaShells as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production fromJatropha curcasOil

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2015/578625 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Achanai Buasri ◽

Tidarat Rattanapan ◽

Chalida Boonrin ◽

Chosita Wechayan ◽

Vorrada Loryuenyong

Keyword(s):

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

X Ray ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Xrf Scanning ◽

Waste Shell

Microwave-assisted biodiesel production via transesterification ofJatropha curcasoil with methanol using solid oxide catalyst derived from waste shells of oyster andPyramidellawas studied. The shells were calcined at 900°C for 2 h and calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst characterizations were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. Reusability of waste shell catalyst was also examined. The results indicated that the economic and environmentally friendly catalysts derived from oyster andPyramidellashells showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification ofJatropha curcasoil with methanol.

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Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.550 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 834-836 ◽

pp. 550-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Warakom Suwanthai ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon ◽

Pilanee Vaithanomsat

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Solid Base ◽

Quick Lime ◽

X Ray ◽

Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

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Evaluation of Shell-Derived Calcium Oxide Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel Esters from Cooking Oils

Academic Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.32861/ajc.61.20.27 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Ngee Sing Chong ◽

Francis Uchenna Okejiri ◽

Saidi Abdulramoni ◽

Shruthi Perna ◽

Beng Guat Ooi

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

X Ray ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

The Cost ◽

Percentage Conversion

Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compared to the eggshell-based CaO under the same set of reaction conditions.

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Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHAp) Derived from Pork Bone as a Renewable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Microwave Irradiation

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.216 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 216-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Achanai Buasri ◽

Thaweethong Inkaew ◽

Laorrut Kodephun ◽

Wipada Yenying ◽

Vorrada Loryuenyong

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Microwave Power ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

X Ray ◽

Animal Bone ◽

Natural Hydroxyapatite

The use of waste materials for producing biodiesel via transesterification has been of recent interest. In this study, the pork bone was used as the raw materials for natural hydroxyapatite (NHAp) catalyst. The calcination of animal bone was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting heterogeneous catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading and reusability of catalyst were systematically investigated. The optimum conditions, which yielded a conversion of oil of nearly 94%, were reaction time 5 min and microwave power 800 W. The results indicated that the NHAp catalysts derived from pork bone showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Silicate Produced from Corncobs as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.53057 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Alwi Gery Agustan Siregar ◽

Renita Manurung ◽

Taslim Taslim

Keyword(s):

Sodium Silicate ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Solid Base ◽

X Ray ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

In this study, silica derived from corncobs impregnated with sodium hydroxide to obtain sodium silicate was calcined, prepared, and employed as a solid base catalyst for the conversion of oils to biodiesel. The catalyst was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the biodiesel products. The optimum catalyst conditions were calcination temperature of 400 °C for 2 h, catalyst loading of 2%, and methanol: oil molar ratio of 12:1 at 60 °C for 60 min, that resulted in a yield of 79.49%. The final product conforms to the selected biodiesel fuel properties of European standard (EN14214) specifications. Calcined corncob-derived sodium silicate showed high potential for use as a low-cost, high-performance, simple-to-prepare solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis.

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Utilization of Waste Enamel Venus Shell as Friendly Environmental Catalyst for Synthesis of Biodiesel

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.237 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 237-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Achanai Buasri ◽

Teera Sriboonraung ◽

Kittika Ruangnam ◽

Pattarapon Imsombati ◽

Vorrada Loryuenyong

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Waste Material ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

X Ray ◽

Environmental Catalyst ◽

Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry ◽

Alkali Catalysts

Calcium oxide (CaO) is one of the most promising heterogeneous alkali catalysts since it is cheap, abundantly available in nature, and some of the sources of this compound are renewable (waste material consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)). In this study, the waste enamel venus shell was used as the raw material for CaO catalyst. The calcination of bio-waste was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting CaO catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From the experimental results, it was found that the CaO catalysts derived from waste material showed good catalytic activity (the conversion of oil of nearly 93%, a very similar catalytic activity with laboratory CaO) and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts in transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

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Effect of Surface Modifications of SBA-15 with Aminosilanes and 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid on Catalytic Properties in Environmentally Friendly Esterification of Glycerol with Oleic Acid to Produce Monoolein

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal8090360 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 360 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kullatida Ratchadapiban ◽

Piyasan Praserthdam ◽

Duangamol Tungasmita ◽

Chutima Tangku ◽

Wipark Anutrasakda

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Electrostatic Interactions ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Textural Properties ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Hexagonal Structure ◽

Tungstophosphoric Acid ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

X Ray

A series of protonated amino-functionalized SBA-15 materials was synthesized and tested as heterogeneous catalysts for the esterification of glycerol with oleic acid to produce monoolein. Mesoporous SBA-15 (S) was functionalized with three different aminosilanes: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (N1); [3-(2-amino-ethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane] (N2); and (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) diethylenetriamine (N3), before being impregnated with 40 wt % 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW). The resulting nanocatalysts (S-Nx-HPW) were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and elemental analysis techniques. The presence of components of the nanocatalysts and the preservation of the hexagonal structure of SBA-15 were confirmed. Using different functionalizing agents considerably affected the textural properties and acidity of the synthesized nanocatalysts, which helped to improve the catalytic performance. In particular, S-N2-HPW was more active and selective than other catalysts in this study, as well as than a number of other commercial acid catalysts, with 95.0% oleic acid conversion and 60.9% monoolein selectivity being obtained after five h of reaction at 160 °C using 2.5 wt % of catalyst loading and glycerol/oleic acid molar ratio of 4:1. Aminosilane functionalization also helped to increase the reusability of the catalysts to at least six cycles without considerable loss of activity through strong electrostatic interactions between HPW anions and the protonated amino-functionalized SBA-15 materials.

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Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Anadara Granosa Shell for Biodiesel Synthesis

KnE Engineering ◽

10.18502/keg.v1i1.494 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Amilia Linggawati

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Waste Frying Oil ◽

X Ray ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Xrd Patterns ◽

Blood Cockle ◽

Anadara Granosa

The aims of this study were to prepare and characterize environment-friendly calcium oxide (CaO) heterogeneous catalysts from blood cockle (Anadara granosa) shells and utilize for the synthesis of biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel was produced by transesterification reaction of waste frying oil with methanol using the CaO catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by crushing and calcining of Anadara granosa shells at 800 oC and 900 ºC for 10 hours. The resulting CaO catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray flourescense spectrometry (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD patterns of calcined catalyst showed intense peaks of calcium oxide (2θ = 32.24o, 37.38o and 64.16o), and it was consistent with XRF results (>99% of CaO found) that revealed calcium was the major element present in the Anadara granosa shells. The maximum yield of biodiesel produced was 82.25% under reaction conditions of catalyst loading of 3 wt.%, methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, reaction time of 3 h, temperature of 60 oC and using a catalyst calcined at 900 oC.

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Synthesis of Magnetic Base Catalyst from Industrial Waste for Transesterification of Palm Oil

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.17.1.12412.53-64 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 53-64

Author(s):

Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽

Fei-Ling Pua ◽

Hong-Hua Lim

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

X Ray ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Industrial waste is produced in large amounts annually; without proper planning, the waste might cause a serious threat to the environment. Hence, an industrial waste-based heterogeneous magnetic catalyst was synthesized using carbide lime waste (CLW) as raw material for biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oil. The catalyst was successfully synthesized by the one-step impregnation method and calcination at 600 °C. The synthesized catalyst, C-CLW/g-Fe2O3, was characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The catalyst has a specific surface area of 18.54 m2/g and high basicity of 3,637.20 µmol/g. The catalytic performance shows that the optimum reaction conditions are 6 wt% catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio with the reaction time of 3 h at 60 °C to produce 90.5% biodiesel yield. The catalyst exhibits good catalytic activity and magnetism, indicating that the CLW can be a potential raw material for catalyst preparation and application in the biodiesel industry. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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Preparation and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst Derived from Anadara Granosa Shell for Biodiesel Synthesis

KnE Engineering ◽

10.18502/keg.v0i0.494 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Amilia Linggawati

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Waste Frying Oil ◽

X Ray ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Xrd Patterns ◽

Blood Cockle ◽

Anadara Granosa

The aims of this study were to prepare and characterize environment-friendly calcium oxide (CaO) heterogeneous catalysts from blood cockle (Anadara granosa) shells and utilize for the synthesis of biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel was produced by transesterification reaction of waste frying oil with methanol using the CaO catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by crushing and calcining of Anadara granosa shells at 800 oC and 900 ºC for 10 hours. The resulting CaO catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray flourescense spectrometry (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD patterns of calcined catalyst showed intense peaks of calcium oxide (2θ = 32.24o, 37.38o and 64.16o), and it was consistent with XRF results (>99% of CaO found) that revealed calcium was the major element present in the Anadara granosa shells. The maximum yield of biodiesel produced was 82.25% under reaction conditions of catalyst loading of 3 wt.%, methanol to oil ratio of 15:1, reaction time of 3 h, temperature of 60 oC and using a catalyst calcined at 900 oC.

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