Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Silicate Produced from Corncobs as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

In this study, silica derived from corncobs impregnated with sodium hydroxide to obtain sodium silicate was calcined, prepared, and employed as a solid base catalyst for the conversion of oils to biodiesel. The catalyst was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the biodiesel products. The optimum catalyst conditions were calcination temperature of 400 °C for 2 h, catalyst loading of 2%, and methanol: oil molar ratio of 12:1 at 60 °C for 60 min, that resulted in a yield of 79.49%. The final product conforms to the selected biodiesel fuel properties of European standard (EN14214) specifications. Calcined corncob-derived sodium silicate showed high potential for use as a low-cost, high-performance, simple-to-prepare solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis.

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Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.550 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 834-836 ◽

pp. 550-554 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Warakom Suwanthai ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon ◽

Pilanee Vaithanomsat

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Solid Catalyst ◽

Solid Base ◽

Quick Lime ◽

X Ray ◽

Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

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Novel Solid Base Catalyst Derived from Drinking Water Defluoridation for Biodiesel Synthesis

Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering ◽

10.3311/ppch.10689 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 288 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jharna Gupta ◽

Madhu Agarwal ◽

Ajay Kumar Dalai

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Solid Base ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Exchange Method ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

In this study, a novel heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized from drinking water treatment sludge obtained during defluoridation in biodiesel production by transesterification. More specifically, the sludge was converted into an effective catalyst by calcination at 950 ºC for 3 h. The catalyst was characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, Scanning electron microscopy, Hammett titration method, and ion exchange method. The catalyst had a basicity of 12.57 mmol/g and a basic strength of 9.8 < H <17.2. It showed good catalytic activity in biodiesel synthesis. The maximum biodiesel yield obtained was 89% for the following reaction conditions: catalyst loading of 4 wt%, a reaction temperature of 65 ºC, the methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, and reaction time of 3 h. Thus, it was found that harmful waste can be used as an effective solid base heterogeneous catalyst.

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Evaluation of Shell-Derived Calcium Oxide Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel Esters from Cooking Oils

Academic Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.32861/ajc.61.20.27 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 20-27

Author(s):

Ngee Sing Chong ◽

Francis Uchenna Okejiri ◽

Saidi Abdulramoni ◽

Shruthi Perna ◽

Beng Guat Ooi

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

X Ray ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Cooking Oils ◽

The Cost ◽

Percentage Conversion

Due to the high cost of feedstock and catalyst in biodiesel production, the viability of the biodiesel industry has been dependent on government subsidies or tax incentives. In order to reduce the cost of production, food wastes including eggshells and oyster shells have been used to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) catalysts for the transesterification reaction of biodiesel synthesis. The shells were calcined at 1000 °C for 4 hours to obtain CaO powders which were investigated as catalysts for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The catalysts were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, CaO catalyst concentration, and reaction time were evaluated and optimized for the percentage conversion of cooking oil to biodiesel esters. The oyster-based CaO showed better catalytic activity when compared to the eggshell-based CaO under the same set of reaction conditions.

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Biodiesel fuel synthesis by interesterification of triglycerides with carboxylate esters of low molecular weight

Reviews in Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1515/revce-2018-0083 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Egle Sendzikiene ◽

Violeta Makareviciene

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Biodiesel Fuel ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Raw Glycerol ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

Abstract The ever-increasing environmental pollution from greenhouse gases motivates the search for methods to reduce it. One such method is the use of biodiesel fuels in the transport sector. Conventional biodiesel production generates up to 10% of a by-product, raw glycerol, whose amount continues to increase as biodiesel production volumes expand, but its demand remains limited. Recently, options have been analysed to replace the triglyceride transesterification process generally used in biodiesel production with an interesterification process that does not generate raw glycerol, instead yielding triacylglycerol that can be directly used as fuel for diesel engines by mixing with fatty acid esters. Additionally, triacylglycerol improves the low-temperature properties of fuel. The present article discusses triglyceride interesterification processes using various carboxylate esters of low molecular weight. Information is provided on raw materials that can be subjected to interesterification for biodiesel synthesis. The possible applications of chemical and enzymatic catalysis for triglyceride interesterification are discussed, and the influence of the catalyst amount, molar ratio of reactants, temperature and process duration on the effectiveness of interesterification is examined. The conditions and effectiveness of noncatalytic interesterification are also discussed in the article. Qualitative indicators of the products obtained and their conformity to the requirements of the European standard for biodiesel fuel are discussed.

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Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHAp) Derived from Pork Bone as a Renewable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Microwave Irradiation

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.216 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 216-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Achanai Buasri ◽

Thaweethong Inkaew ◽

Laorrut Kodephun ◽

Wipada Yenying ◽

Vorrada Loryuenyong

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Microwave Power ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

X Ray ◽

Animal Bone ◽

Natural Hydroxyapatite

The use of waste materials for producing biodiesel via transesterification has been of recent interest. In this study, the pork bone was used as the raw materials for natural hydroxyapatite (NHAp) catalyst. The calcination of animal bone was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting heterogeneous catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading and reusability of catalyst were systematically investigated. The optimum conditions, which yielded a conversion of oil of nearly 94%, were reaction time 5 min and microwave power 800 W. The results indicated that the NHAp catalysts derived from pork bone showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

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Calcium Oxide Derived from Waste Shells of Mussel, Cockle, and Scallop as the Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2013/460923 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Achanai Buasri ◽

Nattawut Chaiyut ◽

Vorrada Loryuenyong ◽

Phatsakon Worawanitchaphong ◽

Sarinthip Trongyong

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxide ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

X Ray ◽

Bet Method ◽

Xrf Scanning ◽

Waste Shell ◽

Calcination Method

The waste shell was utilized as a bioresource of calcium oxide (CaO) in catalyzing a transesterification to produce biodiesel (methyl ester). The economic and environmen-friendly catalysts were prepared by a calcination method at 700–1,000°C for 4 h. The heterogeneous catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. Reusability of waste shell catalyst was also examined. The results indicated that the CaO catalysts derived from waste shell showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts in transesterification of palm oil with methanol.

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Oyster andPyramidellaShells as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production fromJatropha curcasOil

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2015/578625 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Achanai Buasri ◽

Tidarat Rattanapan ◽

Chalida Boonrin ◽

Chosita Wechayan ◽

Vorrada Loryuenyong

Keyword(s):

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

X Ray ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Xrf Scanning ◽

Waste Shell

Microwave-assisted biodiesel production via transesterification ofJatropha curcasoil with methanol using solid oxide catalyst derived from waste shells of oyster andPyramidellawas studied. The shells were calcined at 900°C for 2 h and calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst characterizations were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurements. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. Reusability of waste shell catalyst was also examined. The results indicated that the economic and environmentally friendly catalysts derived from oyster andPyramidellashells showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification ofJatropha curcasoil with methanol.

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Utilization of Waste Enamel Venus Shell as Friendly Environmental Catalyst for Synthesis of Biodiesel

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.237 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 237-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Achanai Buasri ◽

Teera Sriboonraung ◽

Kittika Ruangnam ◽

Pattarapon Imsombati ◽

Vorrada Loryuenyong

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Waste Material ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

X Ray ◽

Environmental Catalyst ◽

Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry ◽

Alkali Catalysts

Calcium oxide (CaO) is one of the most promising heterogeneous alkali catalysts since it is cheap, abundantly available in nature, and some of the sources of this compound are renewable (waste material consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)). In this study, the waste enamel venus shell was used as the raw material for CaO catalyst. The calcination of bio-waste was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting CaO catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From the experimental results, it was found that the CaO catalysts derived from waste material showed good catalytic activity (the conversion of oil of nearly 93%, a very similar catalytic activity with laboratory CaO) and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts in transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

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Biodiesel synthesis from Pongamia Pinnata oil over modified CeO2 catalysts

Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society ◽

10.29356/jmcs.v58i4.46 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Sathgatta Zaheeruddin Mohamed Shamshuddin ◽

Venkatesh -- ◽

Manjunatha Shyamsundar ◽

Vanagoor Thammannigowda Vasanth

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Surface Acidity ◽

Pongamia Pinnata ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Solid Base ◽

Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Surface Basicity ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis

This study investigates the use of CeO2, ZrO2, MgO and CeO2-ZrO2, CeO2-MgO, CeO2-ZrO2-MgO mixed oxides as solid base catalysts for the transesterification of Pongamia Pinnata oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. SO42-/CeO2 and SO42-/CeO2-ZrO2 were also prepared and used as solid acid catalysts for esterification of Pongamia pinnata oil (P-oil) to reduce the % of free fatty acid (FFA) in P-oil. These oxide catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized by techniques such as NH3-TPD for surface acidity, CO2-TPD for surface basicity and powder X-ray diffraction for crystalinity. The effect of nature of the catalyst, methanol to P-oil molar ratio and reaction time in esterification as well as in transesterification was investigated. The catalytic materials were reactivated & reused for five reaction cycles and the results showed that the ceria based catalysts have reasonably good reusability both in esterification and transesterification reaction. The test results also revealed that the CeO2-ZrO2 modified with MgO could have potential for use in the large scale biodiesel production.

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Synthesis of Magnetic Base Catalyst from Industrial Waste for Transesterification of Palm Oil

BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING AND CATALYSIS ◽

10.9767/bcrec.17.1.12412.53-64 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 53-64

Author(s):

Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽

Fei-Ling Pua ◽

Hong-Hua Lim

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

X Ray ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2

Industrial waste is produced in large amounts annually; without proper planning, the waste might cause a serious threat to the environment. Hence, an industrial waste-based heterogeneous magnetic catalyst was synthesized using carbide lime waste (CLW) as raw material for biodiesel production via transesterification of palm oil. The catalyst was successfully synthesized by the one-step impregnation method and calcination at 600 °C. The synthesized catalyst, C-CLW/g-Fe2O3, was characterized by temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The catalyst has a specific surface area of 18.54 m2/g and high basicity of 3,637.20 µmol/g. The catalytic performance shows that the optimum reaction conditions are 6 wt% catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio with the reaction time of 3 h at 60 °C to produce 90.5% biodiesel yield. The catalyst exhibits good catalytic activity and magnetism, indicating that the CLW can be a potential raw material for catalyst preparation and application in the biodiesel industry. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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