scholarly journals Spatial Analysis of Human Health Risk Associated with Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahida Karim ◽  
Bilal Aslam Qureshi ◽  
Ishtiaq Ghouri
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk

The objective of this study was to spatially analyze total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and health risk associated with TTHMs in drinking water of different densely populated towns of Karachi city. Lifetime cancer risk and hazard index of THMs through oral ingestion and dermal absorption were calculated and mapped using kriging as an interpolation method to evaluate the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk to human health in the study area. Lifetime cancer risk value due to the oral ingestion of TTHMs in different towns of the city was exceeded from1.0×10−6, showing that residents of these towns were expected to be at higher cancer risk. The hazard index for different towns was found to be lower than unity, indicating that no adverse health effects are expected as a result of exposure to THMs.

scholarly journals Human health risk assessment of heavy metals from a crude oil polluted agricultural soil in Ogoniland, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 297-309
Author(s):  
Chukwuemeka C. Chukwuma ◽  
Chigozie Linda Onuah ◽  
Michael Okechukwu Monanu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Oral Ingestion

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils can instigate risk to human health via oral ingestion, particle inhalation, and dermal contact. The study evaluates the concentrations, distribution, and human health risk of various heavy metals in soil samples from crude oil polluted agricultural soil of Ogoniland, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, arsenic and mercury using AAS (SensAA). Measured concentrations of these heavy metals were employed to calculate the health risk for children and adults using Hazard Index (HI). For the children and adult population, the HI value for oral ingestion to lead in the polluted site was greater than one (HI > 1), and hence non-carcinogenic effects is considered as significant for human health. It is therefore of the essence to consider taking risk management measures in order to reduce the risk of human health from lead.

scholarly journals Human health risk assessment of trace metals contamination in a tropical river

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Uwah ◽  
E. M. Edem ◽  
I. E. Udosen ◽  
E. D. Udosen ◽  
O. M. Udoidiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Adverse Health Effects

Levels of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were quantified in water, sediment and winkles (Pachymelania bryonensis and Pachymelania fusca mutans) in Akani Obio Uruan River, Nigeria during wet and dry seasons using standard procedures. Results revealed that mean levels (mg/l) of the metals in water ranged from 0.016 for Cr to 0.087 for Cd in wet season and 0.010 for Cu to 0.082 for Zn in dry season. In sediment, the metals levels (mg/kg) ranged from 0.002 for Pb to 0.161 for Zn in wet season and 0.001 for Pb to 0.438 for Cu in dry season. In winkles, the metals levels (mg/kg) ranged from 0.002 for Pb to 0.069 for Cd and for Cu in the wet season, and 0.001 for Pb to 0.058 for Cd and for Cu in the dry season. Estimated human health risk from each metal contamination due to consumption of the water, dermal absorption through swimming and consumption of winkles gave each of hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values of less than one (< 1), indicating no risk since the levels of contamination in each case are not likely to cause any adverse health effects in humans.

scholarly journals Assessing Cadmium and Chromium Concentrations in Drinking Water to Predict Health Risk in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhaz Farid Ahmed ◽  
Mazlin Bin Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk

Although toxic Cd (cadmium) and Cr (chromium) in the aquatic environment are mainly from natural sources, human activities have increased their concentrations. Several studies have reported higher concentrations of Cd and Cr in the aquatic environment of Malaysia; however, the association between metal ingestion via drinking water and human health risk has not been established. This study collected water samples from four stages of the drinking water supply chain at Langat River Basin, Malaysia in 2015 to analyze the samples by inductivity coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of Cd and Cr and the time-series river data (2004–2014) of these metals were significantly within the safe limit of drinking water quality standard proposed by the Ministry of Health Malaysia and the World Health Organization. Hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values of Cd and Cr in 2015 and 2020 also indicate no significant human health risk of its ingestion via drinking water. Additionally, management of pollution sources in the Langat Basin from 2004 to 2015 decreased Cr concentration in 2020 on the basis of autoregression moving average. Although Cd and Cr concentrations were found to be within the safe limits at Langat Basin, high concentrations of these metals have been found in household tap water, especially due to the contamination in the water distribution pipeline. Therefore, a two-layer water filtration system should be introduced in the basin to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 agenda of a better and more sustainable future for all, especially via SDG 6 of supplying safe drinking water at the household level.

Variations of HCHO and BTX, human health risk and indoor renovation characteristics of newly renovated rental apartments in Beijing, China

2021 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2098660
Author(s):  
Xianglan Zhang ◽  
Zhichao Wang ◽  
Xiaofeng Li ◽  
Zhaowei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
Beijing China

The popularity of decoration and refurbishment of rental apartments in China may give rise to indoor VOC levels, posing health threats to tenants. A questionnaire was conducted on the renovation characteristics and tenant information of rental apartments in Beijing. The study selected 143 rental bedrooms to study the characteristics of HCHO and BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) and assessed the health risks of tenants. The results showed that the median of HCHO concentration was 0.07 mg/m3, within one to three months of renovation. The concentration declined to 0.03 mg/m3 after one year. However, BTX concentration was increased by four times after one year of renovation, probably due to tenants’ move-in. The mean of inhalation lifetime cancer risk for HCHO and benzene was calculated as 1.15–3.63 (10−5) and 2.46–7.9 (10−5), respectively, indicating probable risk. The tenants’ health risks were: infant > teenager > adult and male > female. Benzene in rental homes posed the greater health risk to humans than previous studies conducted in ordinary residences. The results show that 45.29% of rental apartments are renovated before the new tenants move in, and 86.27% of tenants have a lease length of less than three years. These behaviours may cause exacerbation of pollutant levels in rental apartments.

scholarly journals Human Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Potentially Toxic Elements in Polluted Rivers in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Samantha Jiménez-Oyola ◽  
Kenny Escobar Segovia ◽  
María-Jesús García-Martínez ◽  
Marcelo Ortega ◽  
David Bolonio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Ecuadorian Amazon ◽  
Polluted Rivers

Anthropogenic activities performed in the Ecuadorian Amazon have released potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into the rivers, causing severe environmental pollution and increasing the risk of exposure to the residents of the surrounding areas. This study aims to carry out a human health risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic methods to estimate the hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) related to multi-pathway human exposure to PTEs in polluted rivers. Concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface water and sediment samples from rivers on the Ecuadorian Amazon were considered to assess the potential adverse human health effects. As a result, deterministic and probabilistic estimations of cancer and non-cancer risk through exposure to surface waters and sediments were above the safety limit. A sensitivity analysis identified the concentration of PTEs and the exposure duration (ED) as the two most important variables for probabilistic health risk assessment. The highest risk for receptors was related to exposure to polluted sediments through incidental ingestion and dermal contact routes. According to the deterministic estimation, the human health risk through ingestion of water was above the threshold in specific locations. This study reveals the potential health risk to which the population is exposed. This information can be used as a baseline to develop public strategies to reduce anthropogenic pollution and exposure to PTEs in Ecuadorian Amazon rivers.

Drinking water quality and human health risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardar Khan ◽  
Maria Shahnaz ◽  
Noor Jehan ◽  
Shafiqur Rehman ◽  
M. Tahir Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Drinking Water Quality

scholarly journals Multipathway risk assessment of trihalomethane exposure in drinking water of Lebanon

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Semerjian ◽  
John Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The toxicological risks and lifetime cancer risks of trihalomethanes through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from tap water in selected regions in Lebanon are estimated. Existing trihalomethane concentrations do not pose any non-carcinogenic and developmental risks in the exposed population via oral ingestion. Among the three pathways, residents have a higher risk of cancer through oral ingestion than through the other two pathways. The lifetime cancer risk through oral ingestion for dibromochloromethane makes the highest contribution to total risks, followed by bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and chloroform. The total multipathway cancer risk analysis suggests that no cancer risks exist during the summer and winter seasons; however, in the spring the total cancer risks exceeds the USEPA acceptable level of 10−6 by a factor of 10.7.

A review of heavy metals in indoor dust and its human health-risk implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sock Yin Tan ◽  
Sarva Mangala Praveena ◽  
Emilia Zainal Abidin ◽  
Manraj Singh Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Indoor Dust

AbstractIndoor dust acts as a media for heavy metal deposition. Past studies have shown that heavy metal concentration in indoor dust is affected by local human activities and atmospheric transport can have harmful effects on human health. Additionally, children are more sensitive to heavy metals due to their hand-to-mouth behaviour and rapid body development. However, limited information on health risks were found in past dust studies as these studies aimed to identify heavy metal concentrations and sources of indoor dust. The objective of this review is to discuss heavy metal concentration and sources influencing its concentration in indoor dust. Accordingly, high lead (Pb) concentration (639.10 μg/g) has been reported in heavy traffic areas. In addition, this review paper aims to estimate the health risk to children from heavy metals in indoor dust via multiple exposure pathways using the health-risk assessment (HRA). Urban areas and industrial sites have revealed high heavy metal concentration in comparison to rural areas. Hazard index (HI) values found in arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and Pb were 21.30, 1.10 and 2.40, respectively, indicate that non-carcinogenic elements are found in children. Furthermore, most of the past studies have found that carcinogenic risks for As, cadmium (Cd), Cr and Pb were below the acceptable total lifetime cancer risk (TLCR) range (1×10

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