scholarly journals Structural Breaks in Mean Temperature over Agroclimatic Zones in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjit Kumar Paul ◽  
P. S. Birthal ◽  
Ankit Khokhar
Keyword(s):  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Agroclimatic Zones ◽  
July Temperature

Amongst Asian countries India is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. During the past century, surface temperature in India has shown a significant increasing trend. In this paper, we have investigated behavior of mean monthly temperature during the period 1901–2001 over four agroclimatic zones of India and also tried to detect structural change in the temperature series. A structural break in the series has been observed at the national as well regional levels between 1970 and 1980. An analysis of trends before and after the structural break shows a significant increase in July temperature in the arid zone since 1972.

Studying Crisis through Structural Breaks: A Retrospective on Asian Currency Crisis

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. Bhanu Murthy ◽  
Anjala Kalsie
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Currency Crisis ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Dummy Variables ◽  
The Past ◽  
Asian Currency Crisis

The financial crises that have happened during the past few years give us an opportunity to think in retrospect about crisis. The objective of this paper is to identify and analyse various indicators which were affected by the East Asia crisis. The methodology employed is more scientific and systematic and studies structural breaks, before, during and after the crisis. Dummy variables have been used for both A5 countries and India which enabled inter-temporal and international comparisons of crisis variables. The variables do not show the same trend in case of all the crisis-hit countries. In India, none of the variables show structural break indicating that India was not hit by the crisis.

EUROPEAN FISCAL DISCIPLINE BEFORE AND AFTER EMU: CRASH DIET OR PERMANENT WEIGHT LOSS?

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW HUGHES HALLETT ◽  
JOHN LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Fiscal Discipline ◽  
Stability Pact ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Structural Break Test ◽  
The Stability

This paper studies the evolution of European fiscal policies in three periods: the pre-Maastricht phase (to 1991); the runup to monetary union (1992–1997), and the stability pact phase (1998 onward). Using three separate indicators, we search for structural breaks that could signify a change in the average level of discipline in these periods. We find increased fiscal discipline only up to 1997. We conclude the new fiscal discipline was a temporary phenomenon, a product of the sanction of being denied entry to the Euro. After EMU, fiscal policy gradually loosened. A single structural break test will miss these dynamic effects, and could easily generate the false conclusion that fiscal discipline had tightened since the start of phase two of EMU.

Slow Improvement of Clinically-Diagnosed Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Case Fatality Rates

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelma S Magpusao ◽  
Alan Monteclar ◽  
Jacqueline L Deen
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Fever Case ◽  
The Past ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Before And After

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is recognized as a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in many Southeast Asian countries. This study reviews the case fatality rates of DHF cases admitted to a referral hospital in Cebu (Philippines) over the past 5 years. Information on patients 14 years old or younger admitted from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2001 with the final clinical diagnosis of DHF was collated and analysed. Case fatality rates were compared before and after a standardized management protocol was implemented by the healthcare staff and after introduction of revisions to that protocol. The case fatality rate during the 2-year periods prior and after introduction of the management protocol decreased significantly from 197/2644 (7.45%) to 39/1182 (3.30%) ( P<0.01). Following the introduction of revisions to the protocol, the case fatality was reduced even further to 52/1697 (3.06%) ( P=0.7). In this government hospital the introduction of a standardized management protocol for DHF was associated with a significant improvement in the case fatality rate of hospitalized children with clinically diagnosed DHF. However, compared with reports from hospitals in other dengue-endemic countries, the improvement has been slow. Possible ways to decrease fatality rates further have been identified.

EXCHANGE RATE AND STOCK PRICE INTERACTION IN MAJOR ASIAN MARKETS: EVIDENCE FOR INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES AND PANELS ALLOWING FOR STRUCTURAL BREAKS

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
HOOI HOOI LEAN ◽  
PARESH NARAYAN ◽  
RUSSELL SMYTH
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Cointegration Test ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Multiple Structural Breaks ◽  
Cointegrating Vector

This article examines the relationship between exchange rates and stock prices in eight Asian countries. We test for cointegration and Granger causality for both individual countries using the Gregory and Hansen cointegration test that accommodates a structural break in the cointegrating vector, and for a panel using the Westerlund panel Lagrange multiplier (LM) cointegration test that allows for multiple structural breaks in the level of the individual cointegrating equations. Our results for individual countries suggest that the only country for which exchange rates and stock prices are cointegrated over the entire period is Korea where there is a weak long-run unidirectional Granger causality running from exchange rates to stock prices. Employing the panel LM cointegration test with multiple structural breaks, we find that exchange rates and stock prices are not cointegrated. We conclude that for the eight Asian countries, exchange rates and stock prices primarily have only a contemporaneous effect on each other that is reflected in the short-run intertemporal comovements between these financial variables.

Grading of Diffuse Astrocytic Gliomas: A Review of Studies Before and After the Advent of IDH Testing

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 019-023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Ono ◽  
Mitsuaki Shirahata ◽  
David Louis ◽  
Andreas von Deimling
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Astrocytic Gliomas

AbstractEstimating the malignancy level of tumors is key to management, and has been part of oncology practice for the past ∼100 years. A central aspect of assessing malignancy level is based on histological “grading”—a process in which a pathologist evaluates microscopic features of a tumor and interprets those findings in light of large prognostic studies. For the diffuse astrocytic gliomas, there have been many such studies over the past century and these have proven useful in estimating prognosis for patients. With the advent of molecular genetics, molecular diagnostic testing has been added to histological evaluation in the armamentarium of the pathologist, and the recent World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System encourages testing for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene status in the classification of diffuse astrocytic gliomas. The present review catalogues a large series of diffuse astrocytic glioma grading studies over the past few decades, and compares the prognostic value of such grading schema before and after the emergence of IDH testing. The review concludes that novel approaches to diffuse astrocytic tumor grading are required in the era of IDH testing.

Potential long-term consequences of school closures: Lessons from the 2013-2016 Ebola pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
School Closures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sustainable Planning ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
To Come

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented shutdown of society. Nearly 1.725 billion children across the globe have been affected as over 95% of countries closed schools as the virus spread in April 2020. Much attention has been given to school closures as non-pharmaceutical mitigation tools to stem the spread of the disease through ensuring social distancing. Within education, focus has been given to keep students connected through remote learning and the immediate needs of schools upon reopening. This study takes a longer-term view. Using Demographic Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from before and after the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone, this study examines changes in enrolment and dropout patterns, with targeted consideration given to traditionally marginalized groups. With schools closed for seven and nine months in the two countries, the length and intensity of the Ebola pandemic is the only health crises in the past century to come close to the school closures being experienced in 2020. Findings suggest that youth in the poorest households see the largest increase in dropout rates post-Ebola and that this impact can persist for years. Two years after being declared Ebola-free an additional 22,000 of the poorest secondary age youth remained out of school than would have been expected based on the pre-outbreak dropout rate. To halt the likely expansion in inequality post-pandemic, these results point to the need for longer term, sustainable planning that includes comprehensive financial support packages to groups most likely to be impacted.

scholarly journals Reconstructing Great Basin Butterfly-Pollen Interaction Networks over the Past Century

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behnaz Balmaki ◽  
Tara Christensen ◽  
Lee A. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Interaction Networks ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Before And After

AbstractAimsInsects and the plants they interact with dominate terrestrial biomes and constitute over half of the earth’s macro-organismal diversity. Their abundance in museum collections can provide a wealth of natural history data if they are collected as part of careful ecological studies or conservation programs. Here, we summarize pollen-insect quantitative networks gleaned from adult lepidopteran museum specimens to characterize these interactions and to examine how richness and frequency of butterfly-pollen associations have changed over a 100-year time series in Nevada and California. Pollen collected from well-curated butterfly specimens can provide insight into spatial and temporal variation in pollen-butterfly interactions and provide a complement to other approaches to studying pollination, such as pollinator observation networks.LocationGreat Basin and Sierra Nevada: California, NevadaTime periodThe last 100 yearsMajor Taxon studiedButterfliesMethodsWe estimated butterfly-pollen network parameters based on pollen collected from butterfly specimens from the Great Basin and Sierra Nevada. Additionally, we pooled interaction networks associated with specimens captured before and after 2000 to compare pollen-pollinator interaction variation under drought periods in California and Nevada in the last two decades versus previous years in the time series.ResultsButterfly-pollen networks indicated that most pollen-butterfly species interactions are specialized and appear to be different from observational networks. Interaction networks associated with specimens captured before and after 2000 revealed that compared to previous decades, butterfly-pollen networks over the past 20 years had higher nestedness and connectance, with high pollen richness and low pollen abundance.Main conclusionsThese findings represent another unique approach to understanding more about pollination biology, and how butterfly-pollen interactions are impacted by climate variation and ecosystem alteration.

scholarly journals Long-term relationship of crude palm oil commodity pricing under structural break

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-174
Author(s):  
Monsurat Ayojimi Salami ◽  
Razali Haron
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Reference Price ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Futures Market ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pricing Efficiency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the pricing efficiency of the Malaysian crude palm oil (CPO) market before and after the structural break. This study uses the daily closing price of CPO and CPO futures (CPO-F) for the period ranging from June 2009 to August 2016 while taking structural breaks into account.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, symmetric and asymmetric long-run relationship model are employed, such as the Johansen cointegration, VECM, TAR and M-TAR models, to examine the impact of structural breaks on the pricing efficiency of the Malaysian CPO market.FindingsThis finding establish that Malaysian CPO price is efficient before and after the structural break. The consistent efficiency of the Malaysian CPO market supports the trading of the CPO-F in Globex and the use of Malaysian CPO pricing as the reference price. This study establishes that a structural break in the Malaysian CPO price series does not affect the pricing efficiency of the market.Research limitations/implicationsThis study shows that using Malaysian CPO price as a reference price is sustainable even in the event of a structural break. Therefore, market participants in the Malaysian CPO market have less to worry about the CPO price as it supports the weak form of efficiency. Price deviation in the short run may not lead to arbitrage profit as transaction cost may not be covered.Practical implicationsThis study implies that if there is distortion in the price due to shocks, both manufacturers and producers need to hedge their positions in the futures market (subject to their positions in the underlying market). By entering into the futures market, pricing is locked in advance; hence, price risk is eliminated. Such a distortion could also affect the efficiency of the CPO price, therefore this study also addresses the issue of efficiency of the local CPO market.Originality/valuePrevious studies on Malaysian CPO pricing efficiency did not take the effect of structural break into consideration, making it difficult for these studies to show consistency in the efficiency of the Malaysian CPO market.

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