scholarly journals Skin Cancer, Irradiation, and Sunspots: The Solar Cycle Effect

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Valachovic ◽  
Igor Zurbenko
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Cancer Irradiation

Skin cancer is diagnosed in more than 2 million individuals annually in the United States. It is strongly associated with ultraviolet exposure, with melanoma risk doubling after five or more sunburns. Solar activity, characterized by features such as irradiance and sunspots, undergoes an 11-year solar cycle. This fingerprint frequency accounts for relatively small variation on Earth when compared to other uncorrelated time scales such as daily and seasonal cycles. Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filters, applied to the solar cycle and skin cancer data, separate the components of different time scales to detect weaker long term signals and investigate the relationships between long term trends. Analyses of crosscorrelations reveal epidemiologically consistent latencies between variables which can then be used for regression analysis to calculate a coefficient of influence. This method reveals that strong numerical associations, with correlations >0.5, exist between these small but distinct long term trends in the solar cycle and skin cancer. This improves modeling skin cancer trends on long time scales despite the stronger variation in other time scales and the destructive presence of noise.

scholarly journals Keeping salamanders off the streets: Evaluating one of the first US amphibian road tunnels 30 years later

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon P. Hedrick ◽  
Abby Vander Linden ◽  
Samantha A. Cordero ◽  
Edward Watt ◽  
Patrick M. O’Roark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ambystoma Maculatum ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Road Tunnels ◽  
Long Time ◽  
One Year ◽  
Term Data

AbstractCulverts are often installed under busy roads to help a variety of animals, from small frogs to bears, safely cross roads that bisect their habitats. One of the first roadway culvert systems designed specifically for amphibian use in the United States was installed along Henry Street in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1987 to protect spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum). These salamanders cross Henry Street during their annual migration to their breeding pools. In recent years, anecdotal evidence from volunteers monitoring the site suggested that salamanders were no longer using the tunnels. To evaluate this concern we conducted salamander counts in 2016, 2017, and 2018 to quantify tunnel use. In 2016, only 11% of observed salamanders used the tunnels– a substantial decrease from 68% in 1988, one year after their installation, when the tunnels were last evaluated. Subsequently, we implemented two tunnel modifications in an effort to increase tunnel usage above the established 2016 baseline. Unfortunately, neither retrofit was successful. Previous studies have demonstrated that salamanders prefer minimum tunnel apertures of >0.4 m, so it is likely that the 0.2 m apertures here are inadequate. This may create differential light and humidity inside and outside the tunnels that is recognized by the salamanders. While many studies have evaluated amphibian tunnel use in lab and field settings, ours is one of the first studies to have examined tunnel usage data long after initial installation. These long-term data are critical for evaluating what factors are necessary for maintaining tunnels over decades-long time scales.

The Spread of Pollutants from Harbour Sludge Depots

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 623-633
Author(s):  
M Loxham ◽  
F Weststrate
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Dilution Effects ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Harbour Sludge

It is generally agreed that both the landfill option, or the civil techniques option for the final disposal of contaminated harbour sludge involves the isolation of the sludge from the environment. For short time scales, engineered barriers such as a bentonite screen, plastic sheets, pumping strategies etc. can be used. However for long time scales the effectiveness of such measures cannot be counted upon. It is thus necessary to be able to predict the long term environmenttal spread of contaminants from a mature landfill. A model is presented that considers diffusion and adsorption in the landfill site and convection and adsorption in the underlaying aquifer. From a parameter analysis starting form practical values it is shown that the adsorption behaviour and the molecular diffusion coefficient of the sludge, are the key parameters involved in the near field. The dilution effects of the far field migration patterns are also illustrated.

scholarly journals American Engineering Doctoral Enrollments

2015 ◽  
pp. 23-24
Author(s):  
Richard Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
International Education ◽  
Doctoral Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Higher Education ◽  
Long Term Trends

International education has deep historical roots and has spurred relationships that persist for decades. In the case of the United States and the field of engineering, American dependence since the mid-1960s on other countries' students – especially Indian ones – for enrollments and graduates of engineering doctoral programs has been, is and will likely continue to be significant. But long-term trends portend a time when the appeal of American higher education may be less than has been the case.

scholarly journals Long-term trends and drought: spatiotemporal variation in juvenile sex ratios of North American ducks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sage Ellis ◽  
Madeleine Lohman ◽  
James Sedinger ◽  
Perry Williams ◽  
Thomas Riecke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avian Communities ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Long Term Trends

Sex ratios affect population dynamics and individual fitness, and changing sex ratios can be indicative of shifts in sex-specific survival at different life stages. While climate- and landscape-change alter sex ratios of wild bird populations, long-term, landscape scale assessments of sex ratios are rare. Further, little work has been done to understand changes in sex ratios in avian communities. In this manuscript, we analyse long-term (1961-2015) data on five species of ducks across five broad climatic regions of the United States to estimate the effects of drought and long-term trends on the proportion of juvenile females captured at banding. As waterfowl have a 1:1 sex ratio at hatch, we interpret changes in sex ratios of captured juveniles as changes in sex-specific survival rates during early life. Seven of twelve species-region pairs exhibited evidence for long-term trends in the proportion of juvenile females at banding. The proportion of juvenile females at banding increased for duck populations in the western United States and typically declined for duck populations in the eastern United States. We only observed evidence for an effect of drought in two of the twelve species-region pairs, where the proportion of females declined during drought. As changes to North American landscapes and climate continue and intensify, we expect continued changes in sex-specific juvenile survival rates. More broadly, we encourage further research examining the mechanisms underlying long-term trends in juvenile sex ratios in avian communities.

Solar cycle dependence and long-term trends in the wind field of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere

1997 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bremer ◽  
R. Schminder ◽  
K.M. Greisiger ◽  
P. Hoffmann ◽  
D. Kürschner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cycle ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Cycle Dependence

scholarly journals Long-term trends of air pollutant concentrations in Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00027
Author(s):  
Szymon Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Air Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Term Data

The assessment of changes in air pollution quality for 4 selected sites in Southern and Central Poland was presented in this paper. The evaluation was based on the sets of long-term data, recorded by the state air monitoring network. Concentrations of O3, PM10, SO2, NOx, and CO, were considered. The basis for the calculations were 12-year time series of hourly concentrations. Using the hourly data, the monthly averages were calculated to illustrate seasonal changes of pollutant concentrations. Linear trends were adjusted to the concentration courses with the least squares method. Long-time trends were calculated for each pollutant separately. Based on the analysis of the trend lines slopes, risks those may arise in the future were identified.

Long-term trends in cancer mortality in the United States, 1930-1998

Cancer ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 97 (S12) ◽  
pp. 3133-3275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis A. Wingo ◽  
Cheryll J. Cardinez ◽  
Sarah H. Landis ◽  
Robert T. Greenlee ◽  
Lynn A. G. Ries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Trends

Are We Investing Enough

1954 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 142-168
Author(s):  
A. K. Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
The Future ◽  
Interesting Discussion ◽  
Long Term Trends

Mr. President and gentlemen, I should like to express my pleasure at being back in the Faculty Hall, where I was privileged to listen to your interesting discussion last year on “The Growth of Pension Rights”. I am glad to find that the number of occasions on which economists and actuaries are not only on speaking terms but able to take counsel of one another is increasing, for I am sure that there are many problems, of which the future of pensions is only one, that can only be satisfactorily resolved through our joint efforts and deliberations. This conviction rests partly on my experience as a member of the Phillips Committee, which was heavily dependent both on the actuaries who served on it and on the members of the profession who, in one way or another, helped it along; but it is a conviction that is just as forcibly brought home to me when I look across the Atlantic to the inquiry that has been in progress since 1950 into the long-term trends in savings and investment in the United States—an inquiry carried out by economists but sponsored and largely financed by the Life Assurance Association of America.

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