scholarly journals Chemoresistance, Cancer Stem Cells, and miRNA Influences: The Case for Neuroblastoma

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Buhagiar ◽  
Duncan Ayers
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Sympathetic Ganglia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Tissue ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cellular Pathways

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that develops most often in infants and children under the age of five years. Neuroblastoma originates within the peripheral sympathetic ganglia, with 30% of the cases developing within the adrenal medulla, although it can also occur within other regions of the body such as nerve tissue in the spinal cord, neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate cellular pathways, differentiation, apoptosis, and stem cell maintenance. Such miRNAs regulate genes involved in cellular processes. Consequently, they are implicated in the regulation of a spectrum of signaling pathways within the cell. In essence, the role of miRNAs in the development of cancer is of utmost importance for the understanding of dysfunctional cellular pathways that lead to the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells. This review focuses on highlighting the recent, important implications of miRNAs within the context of neuroblastoma basic research efforts, particularly concerning miRNA influences on cancer stem cell pathology and chemoresistance pathology for this condition, together with development of translational medicine approaches for novel diagnostic tools and therapies for this neuroblastoma.

The role of autophagy in morphogenesis and stem cell maintenance

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bekoe Offei ◽  
Xuesong Yang ◽  
Beate Brand-Saberi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Cell Maintenance

scholarly journals Integrated Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Role of miR-146a in Human Limbal Epithelium via Notch Signaling

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2175
Author(s):  
Adam J. Poe ◽  
Mangesh Kulkarni ◽  
Aleksandra Leszczynska ◽  
Jie Tang ◽  
Ruchi Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
Human Cornea ◽  
Notch 1 ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Limbal Epithelium ◽  
Cell Maintenance

MiR-146a is upregulated in the stem cell-enriched limbal region vs. central human cornea and can mediate corneal epithelial wound healing. The aim of this study was to identify miR-146a targets in human primary limbal epithelial cells (LECs) using genomic and proteomic analyses. RNA-seq combined with quantitative proteomics based on multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag labeling was performed in LECs transfected with miR-146a mimic vs. mimic control. Western blot and immunostaining were used to confirm the expression of some targeted genes/proteins. A total of 251 differentially expressed mRNAs and 163 proteins were identified. We found that miR-146a regulates the expression of multiple genes in different pathways, such as the Notch system. In LECs and organ-cultured corneas, miR-146a increased Notch-1 expression possibly by downregulating its inhibitor Numb, but decreased Notch-2. Integrated transcriptome and proteome analyses revealed the regulatory role of miR-146a in several other processes, including anchoring junctions, TNF-α, Hedgehog signaling, adherens junctions, TGF-β, mTORC2, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, which mediate wound healing, inflammation, and stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Our results provide insights into the regulatory network of miR-146a and its role in fine-tuning of Notch-1 and Notch-2 expressions in limbal epithelium, which could be a balancing factor in stem cell maintenance and differentiation.

scholarly journals The Importance of Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination in Cellular Reprogramming

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharathi Suresh ◽  
Junwon Lee ◽  
Kye-Seong Kim ◽  
Suresh Ramakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Opposite Action ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Cell Maintenance

Ubiquitination of core stem cell transcription factors can directly affect stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination must occur in a timely and well-coordinated manner to regulate the protein turnover of several stemness related proteins, resulting in optimal embryonic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. There are two switches: an E3 ubiquitin ligase enzyme that tags ubiquitin molecules to the target proteins for proteolysis and a second enzyme, the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUBs), that performs the opposite action, thereby preventing proteolysis. In order to maintain stemness and to allow for efficient differentiation, both ubiquitination and deubiquitination molecular switches must operate properly in a balanced manner. In this review, we have summarized the importance of the ubiquitination of core stem cell transcription factors, such as Oct3/4, c-Myc, Sox2, Klf4, Nanog, and LIN28, during cellular reprogramming. Furthermore, we emphasize the role of DUBs in regulating core stem cell transcriptional factors and their function in stem cell maintenance and differentiation. We also discuss the possibility of using DUBs, along with core transcription factors, to efficiently generate induced pluripotent stem cells. Our review provides a relatively new understanding regarding the importance of ubiquitination/deubiquitination of stem cell transcription factors for efficient cellular reprogramming.

scholarly journals The role of PML in hematopoietic and leukemic stem cell maintenance

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumio Nakahara ◽  
Cary N. Weiss ◽  
Keisuke Ito
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Leukemic Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Cell Maintenance

scholarly journals The FlatwormMacrostomum lignanoIs a Powerful Model Organism for Ion Channel and Stem Cell Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniil Simanov ◽  
Imre Mellaart-Straver ◽  
Irina Sormacheva ◽  
Eugene Berezikov
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Membrane Potentials ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Voltage Gradients

Bioelectrical signals generated by ion channels play crucial roles in many cellular processes in both excitable and nonexcitable cells. Some ion channels are directly implemented in chemical signaling pathways, the others are involved in regulation of cytoplasmic or vesicular ion concentrations, pH, cell volume, and membrane potentials. Together with ion transporters and gap junction complexes, ion channels form steady-state voltage gradients across the cell membranes in nonexcitable cells. These membrane potentials are involved in regulation of such processes as migration guidance, cell proliferation, and body axis patterning during development and regeneration. While the importance of membrane potential in stem cell maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation is evident, the mechanisms of this bioelectric control of stem cell activity are still not well understood, and the role of specific ion channels in these processes remains unclear. Here we introduce the flatwormMacrostomum lignanoas a versatile model organism for addressing these topics. We discuss biological and experimental properties ofM. lignano, provide an overview of the recently developed experimental tools for this animal model, and demonstrate how manipulation of membrane potential influences regeneration inM. lignano.

scholarly journals Role of Autophagy in the Maintenance of Stemness in Adult Stem Cells: A Disease-Relevant Mechanism of Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Chen ◽  
Wenqi Wang ◽  
Hor-Yue Tan ◽  
Yuanjun Lu ◽  
Zhiping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Disease Specific

Autophagy is an intracellular scavenging mechanism induced to eliminate damaged, denatured, or senescent macromolecular substances and organelles in the body. The regulation of autophagy plays essential roles in the processes of cellular homeostasis and senescence. Dysregulated autophagy is a common feature of several human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The initiation and development of these disorders have been shown to be associated with the maintenance of disease-specific stem cell compartments. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of autophagy in the maintenance of stemness. Specifically, we focus on the intersection between autophagy and adult stem cells in the initiation and progression of specific diseases. Accordingly, this review highlights the role of autophagy in stemness maintenance from the perspective of disease-associated mechanisms, which may be fundamental to our understanding of the pathogeneses of human diseases and the development of effective therapies.

scholarly journals Mitochondria, pattern recognition receptors and autophagy under physiological and pathological conditions, including viral infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej ◽  
Dominika Bębnowska ◽  
Roman Kołacz ◽  
Wiesław Deptuła
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Other Hand

Research on the health of mammals invariably shows how dynamic immunology is and how the role of many elements and immune processes of the macroorganism, developed in the process of evolution in protecting against threats, including infections, is changing. Among these elements conditioning the homeostasis of the macroorganism are mitochondria, PRR receptors (pattern recognition receptors) and the phenomenon of autophagy. In the context of physiological and pathological states in the body, mitochondria perform various functions. The primary function of these organelles is to produce energy in the cell, but on the other hand, they are heavily involved in various cellular processes, including ROS production and calcium homeostasis. They are largely involved in the activation of immune mechanisms during infectious and non-infectious conditions through mtDNA and the mitochondrial MAVS protein. Mitochondrial involvement has been also determined in PRR-related mechanisms as mtDNA has the ability to directly stimulate TLRs. On the other hand, mitochondria are also associated with apoptotic cell death and autophagy.

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