scholarly journals Role of Autophagy in the Maintenance of Stemness in Adult Stem Cells: A Disease-Relevant Mechanism of Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Chen ◽  
Wenqi Wang ◽  
Hor-Yue Tan ◽  
Yuanjun Lu ◽  
Zhiping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Disease Specific

Autophagy is an intracellular scavenging mechanism induced to eliminate damaged, denatured, or senescent macromolecular substances and organelles in the body. The regulation of autophagy plays essential roles in the processes of cellular homeostasis and senescence. Dysregulated autophagy is a common feature of several human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The initiation and development of these disorders have been shown to be associated with the maintenance of disease-specific stem cell compartments. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of autophagy in the maintenance of stemness. Specifically, we focus on the intersection between autophagy and adult stem cells in the initiation and progression of specific diseases. Accordingly, this review highlights the role of autophagy in stemness maintenance from the perspective of disease-associated mechanisms, which may be fundamental to our understanding of the pathogeneses of human diseases and the development of effective therapies.

scholarly journals The Act of Controlling Adult Stem Cell Dynamics: Insights from Animal Models

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Meera Krishnan ◽  
Sahil Kumar ◽  
Luis Johnson Kangale ◽  
Eric Ghigo ◽  
Prasad Abnave
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Organ Systems

Adult stem cells (ASCs) are the undifferentiated cells that possess self-renewal and differentiation abilities. They are present in all major organ systems of the body and are uniquely reserved there during development for tissue maintenance during homeostasis, injury, and infection. They do so by promptly modulating the dynamics of proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Any imbalance in these processes may result in regeneration failure or developing cancer. Hence, the dynamics of these various behaviors of ASCs need to always be precisely controlled. Several genetic and epigenetic factors have been demonstrated to be involved in tightly regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of ASCs. Understanding these mechanisms is of great importance, given the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine. Investigations on various animal models have played a significant part in enriching our knowledge and giving In Vivo in-sight into such ASCs regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we have discussed the recent In Vivo studies demonstrating the role of various genetic factors in regulating dynamics of different ASCs viz. intestinal stem cells (ISCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and epidermal stem cells (Ep-SCs).

scholarly journals Maintenance of Adult Stem Cells: Role of the Stem Cell Niche

2011 ◽  
pp. 35-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Matsumoto ◽  
Hiroko Iwasaki ◽  
Toshio Suda
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Niche ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Niche

scholarly journals Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Aging: The Role of DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress in Epidermal Stem Cell Damage Mediated Skin Aging

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uraiwan Panich ◽  
Gunya Sittithumcharee ◽  
Natwarath Rathviboon ◽  
Siwanon Jirawatnotai
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
The Body ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Skin is the largest human organ. Skin continually reconstructs itself to ensure its viability, integrity, and ability to provide protection for the body. Some areas of skin are continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stressors that can inflict direct and indirect damage to skin cell DNA. Skin homeostasis is maintained by mesenchymal stem cells in inner layer dermis and epidermal stem cells (ESCs) in the outer layer epidermis. Reduction of skin stem cell number and function has been linked to impaired skin homeostasis (e.g., skin premature aging and skin cancers). Skin stem cells, with self-renewal capability and multipotency, are frequently affected by environment. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a major cause of stem cell DNA damage, can contribute to depletion of stem cells (ESCs and mesenchymal stem cells) and damage of stem cell niche, eventually leading to photoinduced skin aging. In this review, we discuss the role of UV-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress in the skin stem cell aging in order to gain insights into the pathogenesis and develop a way to reduce photoaging of skin cells.

Multifarious Role of BAG3 in Neurodegenerative Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-281
Author(s):  
Sujata Basu ◽  
Manisha Singh ◽  
Mansi Verma ◽  
Rachana R.
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
The Body ◽  
Signaling Mechanism

The glial cells along with cells of hematopoietic origin and microvascular endothelia work together to maintain the normal development and/or functioning of the nervous system. Disruption in functional coordination among these cells interrupts the efficiency of the nervous system, leading to neurodegeneration. Various proteins in the nerve cells maintain the normal signaling mechanism with these cells and throughout the body. Structural/functional disorganization of these proteins causes neurodegenerative disorders. The molecular mechanisms involved in these phenomena are yet to be explored extensively from therapeutic perspectives. Through this chapter, the authors have elaborated on less known protein Bcl-2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) involved in neurodegeneration. They have explored BAG3 protein and its role in neurodegeneration, protein homeostasis, its mechanism of action, its uses as a drug target, and its uses as a possible diagnostic marker of neurodegeneration.

Recent Biomedical Applications on Stem Cell Therapy: A Brief Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Agrawal ◽  
Amit Alexander ◽  
Junaid Khan ◽  
Tapan K. Giri ◽  
Sabahuddin Siddique ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Organ Regeneration ◽  
Clinical Investigations

Stem cells are the specialized cell population with unique self-renewal ability and act as the precursor of all the body cells. Broadly, stem cells are of two types one is embryonic stem cells while the other is adult or somatic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the cells of zygote of the blastocyst which give rise to all kind of body cells including embryonic cells, and it can reconstruct a complete organism. While the adult stem cells have limited differentiation ability in comparison with embryonic stem cells and it proliferates into some specific kind of cells. This unique ability of the stem cell makes it a compelling biomedical and therapeutic tool. Stem cells primarily serve as regenerative medicine for particular tissue regeneration or the whole organ regeneration in any physical injury or disease condition (like diabetes, cancer, periodontal disorder, etc.), tissue grafting and plastic surgery, etc. Along with this, it is also used in various preclinical and clinical investigations, biomedical engineering and as a potential diagnostic tool (such as the development of biomarkers) for non-invasive diagnosis of severe disorders. In this review article, we have summarized the application of stem cell as regenerative medicine and in the treatment of various chronic diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training Programs on CD34+ Stem Cells and Chosen Physiological Variables

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Nader Shalaby ◽  
Mohammed Saad ◽  
Samy Akar ◽  
Mubarak Abdelreda Ali Reda ◽  
Ahmed Shalgham
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Exercise is one of the most powerful non-pharmacological strategies, which can affect nearly all cells and organs in the body. Changes in the behavior of adult stem cells have been shown to occur in response to exercise. Exercise may act on regenerative potential of tissues by altering the ability to generate new stem cells and differentiated cells that are able to carry out tissue specific functions. The purpose of this study was to reveal the role of aerobic and anaerobic training programs on CD34+ Stem Cells and chosen physiological variables. Twenty healthy male athletes aged 18-24 years were recruited for this study. Healthy low active males and BMI matched participants (n=10) aged 20-22 years were recruited as controls. Aerobic and anaerobic training programs for 12 weeks were conducted. VO2max pulse observation was carried out using the Astrand Rhyming protocol. RBCs, WBCs, HB and hematocrit were estimated using a coulter counter, lactate by the Accusport apparatus, CD34+ stem cells by flow cytometry. VO2max was increased significantly in case of the aerobic training program compared to anaerobic one (62±2.2 ml/kg/min vs. 54±2.1 ml/kg/min). Haemotological values increased significantly in the anaerobic program when compared to the aerobic one, RBCs (5.3±0.3 and 4.9±0.2 mln/ul), WBCs (6.6±0.5 and 6.1±0.4 thous/ul), HB (15.4±0.4 and 14.2±0.5 g/de), Hematocrit (4.6±1.2 and 4.4±1.1 %), CD34+ stem cells count increased significantly in case of the anaerobic program compared to the aerobic (251.6±21.64 and 130±14.61) and sedentary one (172±24.10). These findings suggest that anaerobic training programs provoke better adaptation to exercise and stem cell counts may differ between trained and sedentary subjects. Circulating immature cells are likely to be involved in angiogenesis and repair process, both mechanisms being associated with strenuous exercise. Knowledge of the physiological effects of training on stem cells might be of potential clinical use.

scholarly journals Stem and Cancer Stem Cell Identities, Cellular Markers, Niche Environment and Response to Treatments to Unravel New Therapeutic Targets

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Jose R. Pineda ◽  
Iker Badiola ◽  
Gaskon Ibarretxe
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cancer Stem Cell ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Renewal ◽  
Cellular Markers ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Natural Cell

Adult stem cells are a partially quiescent cell population responsible for natural cell renewal and are found in many different regions of the body, including the brain, teeth, bones, muscles, skin, and diverse epithelia, such as the epidermal or intestinal epithelium, among others [...]

scholarly journals The role of the stem cell epigenome in normal aging and rejuvenative therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (R2) ◽  
pp. R236-R247
Author(s):  
Jeyan Jayarajan ◽  
Michael D Milsom
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Driving Factor ◽  
Key Factor

Abstract Adult stem cells are ultimately responsible for the lifelong maintenance of regenerating of tissues during both homeostasis and following injury. Hence, the functional attrition of adult stem cells is thought to be an important driving factor behind the progressive functional decline of tissues and organs that is observed during aging. The mechanistic cause underlying this age-associated exhaustion of functional stem cells is likely to be complex and multifactorial. However, it is clear that progressive remodeling of the epigenome and the resulting deregulation of gene expression programs can be considered a hallmark of aging, and is likely a key factor in mediating altered biological function of aged stem cells. In this review, we outline cell intrinsic and extrinsic mediators of epigenome remodeling during aging; discuss how such changes can impact on stem cell function; and describe how resetting the aged epigenome may rejuvenate some of the biological characteristics of stem cells.

scholarly journals The role of physical cues in the development of stem cell-derived organoids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Tortorella ◽  
Chiara Argentati ◽  
Carla Emiliani ◽  
Sabata Martino ◽  
Francesco Morena
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Cell Specification ◽  
Cell Niche ◽  
Structure Complexity

AbstractOrganoids are a novel three-dimensional stem cells’ culture system that allows the in vitro recapitulation of organs/tissues structure complexity. Pluripotent and adult stem cells are included in a peculiar microenvironment consisting of a supporting structure (an extracellular matrix (ECM)-like component) and a cocktail of soluble bioactive molecules that, together, mimic the stem cell niche organization. It is noteworthy that the balance of all microenvironmental components is the most critical step for obtaining the successful development of an accurate organoid instead of an organoid with heterogeneous morphology, size, and cellular composition. Within this system, mechanical forces exerted on stem cells are collected by cellular proteins and transduced via mechanosensing—mechanotransduction mechanisms in biochemical signaling that dictate the stem cell specification process toward the formation of organoids. This review discusses the role of the environment in organoids formation and focuses on the effect of physical components on the developmental system. The work starts with a biological description of organoids and continues with the relevance of physical forces in the organoid environment formation. In this context, the methods used to generate organoids and some relevant published reports are discussed as examples showing the key role of mechanosensing–mechanotransduction mechanisms in stem cell-derived organoids.

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