scholarly journals The Study of Kinetic Properties and Analytical Pyrolysis of Coconut Shells

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahir Said ◽  
Geoffrey John ◽  
Cuthbert Mhilu ◽  
Samwel Manyele
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones ◽  
Coconut Shells ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

The kinetic properties of coconut shells during pyrolysis were studied to determine its reactivity in ground form. The kinetic parameters were determined by using thermogravimetric analyser. The activation energy was 122.780 kJ/mol. The pyrolysis products were analyzed using pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the distribution of the pyrolytic products were assessed in a temperature range between 673 K and 1073 K. The set time for pyrolysis was 2 s. Several compounds were observed; they were grouped into alkanes, acids, ethers and alcohols, esters, aldehydes and ketones, furans and pyrans, aromatic compounds, and nitrogen containing compounds. The product compositions varied with temperature in that range. The highest gas proportion was observed at high temperature while the acid proportion was observed to be highest in coconut shells, thus lowering the quality of bio-oil. It has been concluded that higher pyrolysis temperature increases the amount of pyrolysis products to a maximum value. It has been recommended to use coconut shell for production of gas, instead of production of bio-oil due to its high proportion of acetic acid.

Production of Phenolic-Rich Bio-Oil from Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Over Tailored Fe-Based Catalysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangxia Yang ◽  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Feixia Yang ◽  
Baofeng Zhao ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcination Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones ◽  
Biomass Ratio ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

The objective of this study is to catalytically upgrade fast pyrolysis vapors of sawdust using various Fe-based catalysts for producing phenolic-rich bio-oil by analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique. A variety of parameters, including support characteristic, calcination temperature, pyrolysis temperature, as well as the catalyst-to-biomass ratio during the pyrolysis process were evaluated for their effects on product distribution of bio-oil. GC-MS analysis showed that compared to Fe–Mg and Fe–Al catalysts, the developed Fe–Ca catalyst significantly promoted the formation of phenols and its derivatives. The phenolic concentration declined with increasing calcination temperature and pyrolysis temperature, while increased monotonically along with increasing catalyst-to-biomass ratio. The phenolics concentration was high upto 81% (peak area) under optimum conditions of calcination temperature of 500 °C, pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C and catalyst-to-biomass ratio of 10. At higher catalyst-to-biomass ratio of 20, phenolics (88.03% in peak area) and hydrocarbons (including 7.86% of aromatics and 4.1% aliphatics) were the only two components that can be detected, with all the acids, aldehydes and ketones completely eliminated. This indicated the excellent capability of developed Fe–Ca catalyst in promoting the decomposition of lignin in biomass to generate phenolic compounds and meanwhile inhibiting the devolatilization of holocellulose.

scholarly journals Comparative analyses of Nigerian and US corn Stalks, using PY-GC/MS

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Anthonia E. Eseyin ◽  
El Barbary Hassan ◽  
Emad, M El-Giar
Keyword(s):  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
The Us

<p>Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) studies were carried out on the Nigerian and US corn stalks at 500 °C. Analyses of the fast pyrolysis products showed that the Nigerian corn stalks produced more diverse compounds like: acetaldehyde, acetic acid methyl ester, 2,3-pentanedione, 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, butanedial, phenol and vanillin. On the other hand, the pyrolyzed US corn stalks produced compounds like: furfural, phenol, 2-methoxy, 2-methylbenzaldehyde, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol which had significantly high peak area percentages. Few anhydrous sugars were detected in the pyrolysis products of both samples. Both samples were found to be good biomass for the production of bio-oil and chemicals. However, the Nigerian corn stalks seem to be more suitable for the production of bio-oil while the US corn stalks seem to be more suitable for the production of valuable chemicals.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of peat quality on microbial greenhouse gas formation in an acidic fen

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reiche ◽  
G. Gleixner ◽  
K. Küsel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Gas Formation

Abstract. Peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle and represent both an important stock of soil carbon and a substantial natural source of relevant greenhouse gases like CO2 and CH4. While it is known that the quality of organic matter affects microbial degradation and mineralization processes in peatlands, the manner in which the quality of peat organic matter affects the formation of CO2 and CH4 remains unclear. In this study we developed a fast and simple peat quality index in order to estimate its potential greenhouse gas formation by linking the thermo-degradability of peat with potential anaerobic CO2 and CH4 formation rates. Peat samples were obtained at several depths (0–40 cm) at four sampling locations from an acidic fen (pH 4.7). CO2 and CH4 formation rates were highly spatially variable and depended on depth, sampling location, and the composition of pyrolysable organic matter. Peat samples active in CO2 and CH4 formation had a quality index above 1.35, and the fraction of thermally labile pyrolyzable organic matter (comparable to easily available carbon substrates for microbial activity) obtained by thermogravimetry was above 35%. Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry mainly identified carbohydrates and lignin as pyrolysis products in these samples, indicating that undecomposed organic matter was found in this fraction. In contrast, lipids and unspecific pyrolysis products, which indicate recalcitrant and highly decomposed organic matter, correlated significantly with lower CO2 formation and reduced methanogenesis. Our results suggest that undecomposed organic matter is a prerequisite for CH4 and CO2 development in acidic fens. Furthermore, the new peat quality index should aide the estimation of potential greenhouse gas formation resulting from peatland restoration and permafrost thawing and help yield more robust models of trace gas fluxes from peatlands for climate change research.

scholarly journals Bio-Oil Characterizations of Spirulina Platensis Residue (SPR) Pyrolysis Products for Renewable Energy Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Siti Jamilatun ◽  
Aster Rahayu ◽  
Yano Surya Pradana ◽  
Budhijanto ◽  
Rochmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Bio Oil

Nowadays, energy consumption has increased as a population increases with socio-economic developments and improved living standards. Therefore, it is necessary to find a replacement for fossil energy with renewable energy sources, and the potential to develop is biofuels. Bio-oil, water phase, gas, and char products will be produced by utilizing Spirulina platensis (SPR) microalgae extraction residue as pyrolysis raw material. The purpose of this study is to characterize pyrolysis products and bio-oil analysis with GC-MS. Quality fuel is good if O/C is low, H/C is high, HHV is high, and oxygenate compounds are low, but aliphatic and aromatic are high. Pyrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 300-600°C with a feed of 50 grams in atmospheric conditions with a heating rate of 5-35°C/min, the equipment used was a fixed-bed reactor. The higher the pyrolysis temperature, the higher the bio-oil yield will be to an optimum temperature, then lower. The optimum temperature of pyrolysis is 550°C with a bio-oil yield of 23.99 wt%. The higher the pyrolysis temperature, the higher the H/C, the lower O/C. The optimum condition was reached at a temperature of 500°C with the values of H/C, and O/C is 1.17 and 0.47. With an increase in temperature of 300-600°C, HHV increased from 11.64 MJ/kg to 20.63 MJ/kg, the oxygenate compound decreased from 85.26 to 37.55 wt%. Aliphatics and aromatics increased, respectively, from 5.76 to 36.72 wt% and 1.67 to 6.67 wt%.

scholarly journals Characterization of selected pyrolysis products of diseased orange wood

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 7118-7126
Author(s):  
Carolina Kravetz ◽  
Carlos Leca ◽  
José Otávio Brito ◽  
Daniel Saloni ◽  
David C. Tilotta
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Immediate Analysis ◽  
Orange Trees

Orange trees in Brazil are often burned as a means of eradication when they become infected with Huanglongbing disease. Rather than destroying them, which is a low-value proposition, one potential option is to utilize the biomass through pyrolysis. In this preliminary work, orange trees (Citrus sinensis) otherwise selected for purging, were sampled and pyrolyzed at 500 °C, and the charcoal and bio-oil were evaluated for potential value-added use. The results showed that the pyrolysis process resulted in 26.3% charcoal, 57.6% bio-oil, and 16.0% non-condensable gases. Qualitative analysis of the bio-oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry found 178 chemical compounds; however, only 25% of those compounds could be reliably identified. Potential applications of the compounds identified in the bio-oil were determined by examining the published literature, and it was found that at least 73% of them showed promise. Finally, initial studies on the immediate analysis of the pyrolysis charcoal showed that it potentially meets the standards set forth for Brazilian domestic use.

scholarly journals Hydro-Pyrolysis and Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass and Its Hydroxy Residue Fast Pyrolysis Vapors

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yichen Liu ◽  
James J. Leahy ◽  
Jacek Grams ◽  
Witold Kwapinski
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Catalytic Upgrading ◽  
Lower Viscosity ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Sulfated Tio2 ◽  
Hydrolysis Residue

Fast pyrolysis of Miscanthus, its hydrolysis residue and lignin were carried with a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) followed by online vapor catalytic upgrading with sulfated ZrO2, sulfated TiO2 and sulfated 60 wt.% ZrO2-TiO2. The most evident influence of the catalyst on the vapor phase composition was observed for aromatic hydrocarbons, light phenols and heavy phenols. A larger amount of light phenols was detected, especially when 60 wt.% ZrO2-TiO2 was present. Thus, a lower average molecular weight and lower viscosity of bio-oil could be obtained with this catalyst. Pyrolysis was also performed at different pressures of hydrogen. The pressure of H2 has a great effect on the overall yield and the composition of biomass vapors. The peak area percentages of both aromatic hydrocarbons and cyclo-alkanes are enhanced with the increasing of H2 pressure. The overall yields are higher with the addition of either H2 or sulfated catalysts. This is beneficial as phenols are valuable chemicals, thus, increasing the value of bio-oil. The results show that the hydrolysis residue has the potential to become a resource for phenol production.

scholarly journals Batch pyrolysis of cotton stalks for evaluation of biochar energy potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafat Al Afif ◽  
S. Sean Anayah ◽  
Christoph Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Selection Of

The thermal cracking of cotton stalks (CS) via pyrolysis was performed using a laboratory scale batch pyrolysis reactor. The effects of the final pyrolysis temperature varying from 300 to 800°C on the pyrolysis products distribution has been investigated. The maximum biochar yield of 46.5% was obtained at 400°C. As the pyrolysis process temperature increased, the solid char product yield decreased. The lowest biochar yield of 28% was obtained at 800°C. The largest higher heating value (HHV, 25.845 MJ kg-1) was obtained at 600°C. All biochar samples produced between 500 and 700°C had an energy densification ratio of 1.41, indicating a higher mass-energy density than the initial feedstock. A larger share of syngas and bio-oil were produced at higher temperatures, as estimated. Preferential selection of a char based on the energy yield would lead to a selection of the 400°C product, while selection based on the energy densification ratio would be for a product obtained between 500 to 700°C.

Composition Analysis of an Unknown Redispersible Powder

2017 ◽  
Vol 726 ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Jian Jun Ding ◽  
Wen Yan Zhao ◽  
Hong Yan Guan ◽  
Xuan Li ◽  
Yi Fei Mei
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Vinyl Esters ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Pyrolysis Mechanism ◽  
The Matrix

As an important type of additive, the redispersible powder is widely applied in cement-based and gyp-based materials, so as to improve the cementing strength, impermeability, workability, hydrophobicity and so on. However, the chemical composition of the redispersible powders determines its applicability, as well as the degree of improvement to the matrix materials. In this paper, the chemical composition of an unknown redispersible powder was analyzed by several instruments. Firstly, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that the polymer was polymerized with monomers of vinyl esters. Secondly, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis showed the pyrolysis products were mainly acetic acid, methyl acetate and methyl versatates. Considering the pyrolysis mechanism of synthetic polymers and the results from FTIR spectra, the polymer in the redispersible powder was deduced to be the copolymer of vinyl acetate and vinyl ester of versatic acid (VeoVa), which was a monomer with a unique highly branched carbon-rich structure. Thermogravimetry (TG) analysis revealed that the powder contained 74.0% of polymer, 14.5% of calcium carbonate and 11.4% of other inorganic materials.

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