Effect of Maternal Iron Deficiency Anemia on the Iron Store of Newborns in Ethiopia

Iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women is a widespread problem in developing countries including Ethiopia, though its influence on neonatal iron status was inconsistently reported in literature. This cross-sectional study was conducted to compare hematologic profiles and iron status of newborns from mothers with different anemia status and determine correlation between maternal and neonatal hematologic profiles and iron status in Ethiopian context. We included 89 mothers and their respective newborns and performed complete blood count and assessed serum ferritin and C-reactive protein levels from blood samples collected from study participants. Maternal median hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels were 12.2 g/dL and 47.0 ng/mL, respectively. The median hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels for the newborns were 16.2 g/dL and 187.6 ng/mL, respectively. The mothers were classified into two groups based on hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels as iron deficient anemic (IDA) and nonanemic (NA) and newborns of IDA mothers had significantly lower levels of serum ferritin (P=0.017) and hemoglobin concentration (P=0.024). Besides, newborns’ ferritin and hemoglobin levels showed significant correlation with maternal hemoglobin (P=0.018;P=0.039) and ferritin (P=0.000;P=0.008) levels. We concluded that maternal IDA may have an effect on the iron stores of newborns.

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Prevalence of Iron Depletion and Anemia in Top-level Basketball Players

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.14.1.30 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 30-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Gal Dubnov ◽

Naama W. Constantini

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Blood Count ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Iron Status ◽

Transferrin Saturation ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Store ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Iron Depletion

Iron depletion, with or without anemia, may have a negative effect on physical and mental performance. Even with current recognition of the problem, its incidence among athletes remains high. Most studies describe iron status in endurance athletes. This study examined the prevalence of iron depletion and anemia among male and female top-level basketball players. Adolescents and adults (N = 103) from 8 national basketball teams were screened for anemia and iron stores status, which included a complete blood count and levels of plasma ferritin, transferrin, and serum iron. Iron depletion, defined by a ferritin level below 20 μg/L, was found among 22% of study participants (15% in males vs. 35% in females, p = .019). Anemia was found among 25% of athletes (18% in males vs. 38% in females, p = .028). Iron deficiency anemia, defined by the presence of anemia, ferritin levels below 12 μg/L, and transferrin saturation below 16%, was found among 7% of players (3% in males vs. 14% in females, p = .043). In summary, a high prevalence of iron depletion, anemia, and iron deficiency anemia was found among basketball players of both genders. We recommend screening ballgame players for blood count and iron store status, and providing nutritional counseling and iron supplementation when necessary.

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KADAR FERITIN SERUM DAN HEMOGLOBIN PADA WANITA PASANGAN PENGANTIN BARU DI BALI

Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan ◽

10.25182/jgp.2010.5.1.26-30 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Luh Seri Ani ◽

Made Bakta ◽

INT Suryadhi ◽

IN Bagiada

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Married Women ◽

The Body ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Store ◽

Font Size ◽

Body Iron Store

Serum ferritin and hemoglobin concentration were used to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) tests over population. The prevalence of IDA prevalence in pregnant women were 18% over the world, 37.5% in Asia, and 46.5% in Bali. The iron supplementation that was administrated during pregnancy did not clinically proven to solve the problems. It was predicted that the IDA was existing before pregnant. So, the body iron store must be prepare before pregnancy period. This research aimed to know the serum ferritin and hemoglobin concentration in the new married women in Bali. The design of this research was descriptive cross sectional study and conducted at 276 new married women by multistage sampling method. Every participant was interviewed for characteristic data and taken blood sample to evaluate serum ferritin and hemoglobin. Serum ferritin and hemoglobin were examined by Immulite 2000 Ferritin and Sysmex SF-3000 and the data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. The mean of serum ferritin and hemoglobin concentration are 29.41±20.36 µg/dl and 11.35±0.92 g/dl. The serum ferritin level proportions 20-29 µg/dl, less than 20 µg/dl, and ≥100 µg/dl are 145 (51.9%), 130 (47.1%), and 1(0.4%), eventually. The hemoglobin value <12 g/dl was found in 36.2% population and amount 63.8% population with hemoglobin value ≥12 g/dl. According on iron status, the proportion of anemia was23.6%, proportion of iron deficiency was19.2% and proportion of IDA was14.1%. Based on the result, ferritin in the new married women Bali was mostly low level but hemoglobin concentration was mostly normal. Although, they have problem in the proportion of iron deficiency, anemia and iron deficiency anemia, that were 19.2%, 23.6% and 14.1%, respectively.

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TEA CONSUMPTION AND IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMAN IN BOGOR DISTRICT, INDONESIA

Media Gizi Mikro Indonesia ◽

10.22435/mgmi.v10i2.1384 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

Putri Bungsu Machmud ◽

Ratna Djuwita Hatma ◽

Ahmad Syafiq

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Iron Status ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Tea Consumption ◽

Cross Sectional

Background. Anemia in pregnancy is an essential problem due to affect to not only the mother’s life but also to baby’s life. An iron deficiency causes about 75 percent of anemia during pregnancy. Objective. This study aimed to identify risk factors for iron deficiency among pregnant women and determine the possible link between iron status and tannin levels associated with tea consumption. Method. The population-based cross-sectional studies were conducted from secondary data of previous thesis-research in 2013, “Pengaruh Kadar Tanin pada Teh Celup terhadap Anemia Gizi Besi (AGB) pada Ibu Hamil di UPT Puskesmas Citeureup Kabupaten Bogor Tahun 2012”. The study population consisted of 94 randomly selected pregnant women. The inclusion criteria were pregnant women who participated in the previous study and have a complete antenatal care record. Demographic data were collected, including data on age, working status, gestational stage, time since last pregnancy, and parity. The information included nutritional variables, such as iron supplements, nutritional status, and iron intake. Also, data for tannin level grouped as low, medium, and high based on the frequency of daily tea consumption and tea-making habits. The linear model analysis was used to determine the influence of tea consumption on serum ferritin levels. Results. The results showed that time since last pregnancy (<2 years), parity (more than two children), reduced consumption of foods containing heme, and levels of tannin consumption (low, medium, or high) were predictors of iron-deficiency anemia. The results also suggested that tannin levels were inversely proportional to serum ferritin levels. Conclusion. Pregnant women who consumed tea with a low tannin level had the highest serum ferritin levels, whereas those who drank tea with medium and high tannin levels had the lowest serum ferritin levels.

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Evaluation of serum electrolyte levels in iron deficiency anemia patients.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.05.5702 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (05) ◽

pp. 691-696

Author(s):

Maryam Rafiq ◽

Amna Arooj ◽

Qurrat-ul-Ain Tahir ◽

Nudrat Fayyaz ◽

Afra Samad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Values ◽

Medical College ◽

Complete Blood Counts

Objectives: To evaluate electrolytes levels in patients suffering from iron deficiency anemia and to compare it with patients without anemia. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Sahiwal Medical College Sahiwal. Period: November, 2019 to May, 2020. Material & Methods: After taking informed consent, five milliliter of blood was drawn from each patient. Blood sample was analyzed for electrolytes, complete blood counts and serum ferritin levels. Results were compared in normal and iron deficiency anemic groups. Results: A total of 287 clinically anemic suspects including 181 (63.0%) female and 106 (37.0%) male with mean age of patients as 36.11±12.23 were included in this study. A total of 205 (71.4%) of the suspects had anemia whereas frequency of anemia remained higher among females (78.5%) as compared to males (59.5%) in this study. On the basis of serum ferritin levels a total of 178 (62.0%) patients had iron deficiency. Mean values of Sodium (130.41±0.59) and Bicarbonate (24.10±0.31) remained low while mean Potassium (4.33±0.07) and Chloride (103.93±0.47) levels of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) group remained high as compared to non-anemic group. Conclusion: Levels of sodium and bicarbonate are found to be on the lower side while potassium and chloride remained on higher side in patients with Iron deficiency Anemia in this study. Thus these findings indicate close monitoring of electrolytes to evade impediments during management of patients.

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Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Anemic Patients: A Hospital Based Study

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v6i2.22494 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 41-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Satyendra Kumar Mishra ◽

Surendra Marasini ◽

Badri Kumar Gupta ◽

Krishna Kumar Agrawal ◽

Narayan Gautam

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Iron Status ◽

Macrocytic Anemia ◽

High Rate ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Peripheral Smear ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Detailed Medical History

Introduction: In developing countries like Nepal, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the major concern. The high rate incidence has been related to insufficient iron intake, accompanied by chronic intestinal blood loss due to parasitic and malarial infections. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of IDA in anemic patients of Universal College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital (UCMS-TH), South Western region, Nepal. Material and Method It was a hospital based cross sectional study comprised of 100 anemic patients. Their detailed medical history and lab investigations, focusing on hematological parameters were documented. Peripheral smear examination and serum ferritin estimation were done to observe red cell morphology and iron status respectively. Results: This study revealed that out of 100 anemic patients, 35% were that of IDA. The most affected age group was 21-40 years with frequency 42.55%. IDA was more common in females (42.85%) than in male (21.62%). Out of 100 anemic patients, microcytic hypochromic anemia was predominant in 47% followed by macrocytic anemia (31%) and then normocytic normochromic anemia (22%). Out of 47 microcytic hypochromic anemic patients, 12 had normal serum ferritin. There was a statistical significant difference in Hb (p=0.011), MCV (p=0.0001), MCH (p=0.0001), MCHC (p=0.0001) and serum ferritin (p=0.0001) among all types of anemia. There was a statistical significant positive correlation of ferritin with Hemoglobin (0.257, p= 0.01), MCV (0.772, p= 0.0001), MCH (0.741, p=0.0001) and MCHC (0.494, p=0.0001). Conclusion: The peripheral smear in conjunction with serum ferritin estimation needs to be included for susceptible individuals to screen the IDA and other types of anemia.

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Clinical thresholds for diagnosing iron deficiency: comparison of functional assessment of serum ferritin to population based centiles

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-75435-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gorkem Sezgin ◽

Paul Monagle ◽

Tze Ping Loh ◽

Vera Ignjatovic ◽

Monsurul Hoq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Age Groups ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Population Based ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Distribution Width ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Lower Limits

Abstract Low serum ferritin is diagnostic of iron deficiency, yet its published lower cut-off values are highly variable, particularly for pediatric populations. Lower cut-off values are commonly reported as 2.5th percentiles, and is based on the variation of ferritin values in the population. Our objective was to determine whether a functional approach based on iron deficient erythropoiesis could provide a better alternative. Utilizing 64,443 ferritin test results from pediatric electronic health records, we conducted various statistical techniques to derive 2.5th percentiles, and also derived functional reference limits through the association between ferritin and erythrocyte parameters: hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width. We find that lower limits of reference intervals derived as centiles are too low for clinical interpretation. Functional limits indicate iron deficiency anemia starts to occur when ferritin levels reach 10 µg/L, and are largely similar between genders and age groups. In comparison, centiles (2.5%) presented with lower limits overall, with varying levels depending on age and gender. Functionally-derived limits better reflects the underlying physiology of a patient, and may provide a basis for deriving a threshold related to treatment of iron deficiency and any other biomarker with functional outcomes.

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Effects of Iron Deficiency Anemia and Its Rapid Correction on the Serum Metabolomic Profile of Rhesus Infants

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_142 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1070-1070

Author(s):

Brian Sandri ◽

Gabriele Lubach ◽

Eric Lock ◽

Michael Georgieff ◽

Pamela Kling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Acid Production ◽

Iron Status ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Dextran ◽

Metabolomic Profile ◽

Intramuscular Injections ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Rapid Correction

Abstract Objectives To determine whether rapid correction of iron deficiency using intramuscular iron dextran normalizes serum metabolomic changes in a nonhuman primate model of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods Blood was collected from naturally iron-sufficient (IS; n = 10) and IDA (n = 12) male and female infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at 6 months of age. IDA infants were treated with intramuscular injections of iron dextran, 10 mg/weekly for 4–8 weeks. Iron status was reevaluated following treatment using hematological measurements and sera were metabolically profiled using HPLC/MS with isobaric standards for identification and quantification. Results Early-life iron deficiency anemia negatively affects many cellular metabolic processes, including energy production, electron transport, and oxidative degradation of toxins. Slow iron repletion with dietary supplementation restores iron deficient monkeys from a hematological perspective, but the serum metabolomic profile remains differed from monkeys that had been iron sufficient their entire life. Whether rapid iron restoration through intramuscular injections of iron dextran normalizes serum metabolomic profile is not known. A total of 654 metabolites were measured with differences in 53 metabolites identified between IS and IDA monkeys at 6 months (P 0.05). Pathway analyses provided evidence of altered liver function, hypometabolic state, differential essential fatty acid production, irregular inosine and guanosine metabolism, and atypical bile acid production in IDA infants. After treatment, iron-related hematological parameters had recovered, but the formerly IDA infants remained metabolically distinct from the IS infants, with 225 metabolites differentially expressed between the groups. Conclusions As with slow iron repletion, rapid iron repletion does not normalize the altered serum metabolomic profile in rhesus infants with IDA, suggesting the need for iron supplementation in the pre-anemic stage. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health.

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Using Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (RET- He) in Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcaa044.005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

R A R Ahmed ◽

M H A Fayek ◽

D A D Salem

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Control Group ◽

Chronic Disorder ◽

Evaluation Of Parameters

Abstract Background Anemia is a significant worldwide health problem. Approximately one third of the world's population suffers from anemia, half of which is due to iron deficiency (ID). Evaluation of parameters relating to serum ferritin and iron is critically important in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The recent development of automated systems for hematology analysis has made it possible to measure reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He), which is thought to reflect iron content in reticulocytes, in the same sample used for complete blood count tests. Aim of the work We aimed to assess the role of RET- He in diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. Subjects and Methods Blood samples were obtained from 102 subjects. Patients were classified into three groups: IDA, ID, and anemia of chronic disorder (ACD). In addition 20 age and sex matched healthy volunteers were enrolled as control. RET- He was assessed by Sysmex XN1000 hematology analyzer. Results Patients in the IDA group had significantly lower RET-He levels than those in the control group. RET-He was correlated with serum ferritin in the IDA and ID groups. The area under the curve for RET-He was 0.883. The cut-off value of RET- He for detecting IDA was ≤ 26.5 pg with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Conclusion RET-He facilitates the diagnosis of IDA with high accuracy and may be a clinically useful marker for determining IDA.

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Effect of Vitamin D Replacement on Hemoglobin Concentration in Subjects with Concurrent Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized, Single-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Acta Haematologica ◽

10.1159/000357104 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 133 (1) ◽

pp. 31-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Basavraj Sooragonda ◽

Sanjay Kumar Bhadada ◽

Viral N. Shah ◽

Pankaj Malhotra ◽

Jasmina Ahluwalia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽

Hb Concentration

Background: The effect of vitamin D replacement on hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in subjects with concurrent deficiencies of vitamin D and iron is not known. Methods: We report on an investigator-initiated, randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, 12-week interventional trial. Thirty subjects with iron-deficiency anemia (serum ferritin <15 µg/l) were randomized to an intervention arm (cholecalciferol, i.e. vitamin D3, 0.6 million units i.m. once) or placebo. In all subjects, iron deficiency was corrected with parental iron. Other causes of anemia were excluded with appropriate investigation. The primary end point was a rise in Hb concentration. Results: Baseline parameters of age, BMI, hemogram values and levels of serum ferritin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were similar in the 2 arms. Twelve weeks after vitamin D replacement, there was a significant increase in 25 (OH)D levels (57.7 ± 20.5 vs. 14.1 ± 6.2 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and a decrease in PTH levels (32.4 ± 16.4 vs. 52.9 ± 18.4 pg/ml, p = 0.003) in subjects in the intervention arm when compared to the placebo arm. However, the increments in serum ferritin and Hb concentration in the intervention and placebo arm did not differ. Conclusion: Vitamin D replacement in subjects with iron-deficiency anemia after iron correction does not improve Hb concentration further.

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Scoping into Non Iron Deficiency Anemia: Reflection from the Rural India

10.1101/2021.02.10.21251472 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Somen Saha ◽

Tapasvi Puwar ◽

Deepak Saxena ◽

Komal Shah ◽

Apurva kumar Pandya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Serum Ferritin ◽

Iron Status ◽

Treatment Protocol ◽

Haemoglobin Concentration ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Storage ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Postnatal Women ◽

Automated Immunoassay

AbstractIntroductionAnaemia is one of the leading public health problems. India accounts for the highest prevalence of anaemia in the world. Anaemia programs in India focus on screening and management of anaemia based on haemoglobin estimation, treatment is being given irrespective of status of iron as well as other micronutrient storage. The present study assesses the prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency (ID) based on low serum ferritin status among antenatal and postnatal women in Devbhoomi Dwarka District of Gujarat.MethodsA total of 258 pregnant (AN) and postnatal (PN) women drawn from 27 primary health centres were studied. Anaemia was evaluated based on haemoglobin concentration obtained from venous whole blood, using auto-analyser. Serum ferritin was used to evaluate iron status in the study. Serum ferritin was assessed using the direct chemiluminescence method using MINI VIDAS which is a compact automated immunoassay system based on the Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) principles.ResultsOverall, Anaemia (low Hb) and ID (low s. ferritin) was observed in 65.9% and 27.1% respectively. Out of anaemic participants, about 38.2% reported ID while the remaining 61.8% had normal s. ferritin (i.e. non-iron deficient anaemia). Anaemia was reported 69.1% in AN women and 57.1% in PN women. The ID was reported higher (30.9%) in AN woman than PN women (17.1%). However, the prevalence of anaemia, as well as IDA decreased from the first to the third trimester.ConclusionTwo out of every three women were anaemic; one out of four were anaemic with depleted iron storage. Importantly, two out of five women had anaemia but iron storage was sufficient. Strategy to prevent and correct anaemia must include screening for iron and non-iron deficiency anaemia and follow appropriate treatment protocol for both types of anaemia.

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