Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy in Two Red Wolf (Canis rufus) Pups

A 6-month-old red wolf (Canis rufus) pup presented for evaluation of progressive thoracic and pelvic limb lameness, joint swelling, and decreased body condition. Radiographic evaluation revealed medullary sclerosis centered at the metaphyses of multiple long bones, well-defined irregular periosteal proliferation, and ill-defined lucent zones paralleling the physes, consistent with hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD). Biopsies of affected bone revealed medullary fibrosis and new bone formation. The pup improved following treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, and supportive care over the course of 4 weeks. Metaphyseal periosteal bone proliferation persisted until the animal was humanely euthanized several years later for poor quality of life associated with bilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture. A second red wolf pup of 4.5 months of age presented for evaluation of lethargy, kyphotic posture, and swollen carpal and tarsal joints. Radiographs revealed bilateral medullary sclerosis and smooth periosteal reaction affecting multiple long bones, suggestive of HOD. Further diagnostics were not pursued in this case to confirm the diagnosis, and the clinical signs persisted for 4 weeks. In light of these two case reports, HOD should be recognized as a developmental orthopedic disease in growing red wolves.

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Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy in an alpaca

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.3415/vcot-08-11-0111 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 22 (04) ◽

pp. 332-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. M. Girard ◽

J. O’Riordan ◽

N. Fitzpatrick ◽

T. J. Smith

Keyword(s):

Tibial Plateau ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Acute Onset ◽

Radiographic Examination ◽

Tibial Osteotomy ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Stifle Joint ◽

Pelvic Limb ◽

The Right

SummaryIn this report, a case of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture treated by tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO), in a 36-month-old male breeding alpaca, is described. The alpaca was presented with the complaint of acute onset of right pelvic limb lameness. The findings of our clinical and radiographic examinations were consistent with CrCL insufficiency of the right stifle joint. The right tibial plateau angle measured prior to surgery was 19°. A TPLO was performed and this eliminated cranial tibial thrust. Culture of a swab taken from the surgical site prior to wound closure was positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Enrofloxacin was administered parenterally for two weeks postoperatively. There were not any clinical signs of infection noted. Outcome assessments included veterinary examination (two and six weeks) and owner assessment (28 months). At two weeks the animal walked with a grade 2/5 lameness, and at six weeks radiographic examination showed progression of bone healing at the site of tibial osteotomy. A return to full breeding fitness occurred by eight weeks after the surgery. The alpaca remained free from lameness 28 months later, according to the owner.

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Clinical and radiographic evaluation of a polyester prosthesis in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782002000500009 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 793-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

André Luis Selmi ◽

João Guilherme Padilha Filho ◽

Glenda Ramalho Barbudo ◽

Luiz Eduardo Carvalho Buquera ◽

Júlio Carlos Canola

Keyword(s):

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Degenerative Joint Disease ◽

Joint Disease ◽

Radiographic Evaluation ◽

Joint Movement ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Radiographic Findings ◽

Over The Top ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Clinical and radiographic findings after intra-articular replacement of cranial cruciate ligament with a polyester prosthesis using a modified over-the-top technique were evaluated in six dogs. Seven surgeries were done due to bilateral involvement of the cranial cruciate ligament in one dog. Clinical evaluation was performed on postoperative days 3, 10 and 40, and radiographic evaluation was done at 5 and 24 months after surgery in five dogs, where signs of progressive degenerative joint disease were confirmed. Resolution of clinical signs was observed from 25 to 68 days after surgery as evaluated by dog owners. Overall function of joint movement after surgery was classified as good. Two dogs presented fraying of the implant after surgery. It was concluded that the polyester prosthesis, as implanted in these dogs, was not a satisfactory replacement for the injured ligament, as better results may be obtained with less invasive and simpler techniques.

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Evaluation of Positive Contrast Arthrography in Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1632495 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 09 (01) ◽

pp. 10-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D.N. Aron ◽

R. Roberts ◽

J. Stallings ◽

J. Brown ◽

C.W. Hay

Keyword(s):

Articular Surface ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Positive Contrast ◽

Joint Effusion ◽

Radiographic Evaluation ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Joint Pathology ◽

Meniscal Pathology ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease ◽

Better Than

SummaryArthrographic and intraoperative evaluations of stifles affected with cranial cruciate disease were compared. Arthrography did not appear to be helpful in predicting cranial cruciate ligament pathology. The caudal cruciate ligament was consistently not visualized in the arthrograms and was normal at surgery. The menisci were visualized consistently in the arthrograms, but conclusions could not be made as to the benefit of arthrography in predicting meniscal pathology. Arthrography was not helpful in predicting joint capsule and femoral articular surface pathology. Survey radiographic evaluation was better than arthrography in evaluating joint pathology. When cruciate injury is suspected, after history and physical examination, survey radiographs are better than positive contrast arthrograms at supporting the diagnosis.Positive contrast arthrography was evaluated as a diagnostic aid in canine cranial cruciate ligament disease. It did not appear to be useful in predicting joint pathology. With arthrography, both menisci could be visualized and evaluated for abnormalities. Joint effusion and presence of osteophytes evaluated on survey radiographs was better than arthrography in evaluating joint pathology.

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Outcome after Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy and Modified Maquet Procedure in Dogs with Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1701502 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (03) ◽

pp. 189-197

Author(s):

Julia Knebel ◽

Daniela Eberle ◽

Stephanie Steigmeier-Raith ◽

Sven Reese ◽

Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg

Keyword(s):

Tibial Plateau ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Force Plate ◽

Radiographic Evaluation ◽

Control Group ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Surgical Methods ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare outcomes after tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) and modified Maquet procedure (MMP) for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) in dogs using clinical and radiographic evaluation and treadmill-based force plate gait analysis. Study Design This study was a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Materials and Methods Sixty-one dogs (76 joints) with CCLR were treated with TPLO (n = 30 dogs, 41 joints) or MMP (n = 31 dogs, 35 joints) and compared with a control group of 16 healthy Labrador Retrievers. Outcomes after surgery were compared by clinical orthopaedic assessment, radiographic evaluation and force plate gait analysis performed preoperatively, and then at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. For objective comparison of ground reaction forces, the data were compared with the control group. Major complications were reported. Results A significant improvement in ground reaction forces was reached in all surgically treated dogs. No significant difference was found between the surgical methods at any postoperative re-examination. With regard to peak vertical force (PVF), there were significantly more patients with TPLO within the reference range of healthy dogs at the 3 months re-examination than dogs with MMP. There was no significant difference in mean value comparisons between TPLO and control groups 6 months postoperatively. Compared with the control group, mean values of 93.9% (PVF) and 85.9% (vertical impulse [VI]) were reached by the TPLO group and 89.4% (PVF) and 79.9% (VI) by the MMP group, 6 months postoperatively.No significant differences were found regarding major complications or progression of osteoarthritis. Conclusions Although no significant differences were found between the surgical methods, TPLO patients showed superiority with regard to clinical outcome.

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Surgical model of osteoarthritis secondary to medial patellar luxation in dogs

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/3155-vetmed ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 123-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M.R. Alam ◽

H.B. Lee ◽

M.S. Kim ◽

N.S. Kim

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Control Group ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Surgical Model ◽

One Year ◽

The Right

This study was performed to make a surgical model of osteoarthritis (OA) in the dog. Experimental medial patellar luxation (MPL) was surgically produced in the left stifle (index) of 24 skeletally mature mixed small breed dogs (age two to six years and weight 2.8 to 9 kg). The animals were randomly allocated in 2 groups; sham group (n = 12), where the right stifle was sham operated and control group (n = 12) with intact right stifle. Physical and radiographic examinations of both stifles were performed at 1.5 months intervals over a one-year experimental period. One dog was euthanatized every three months, and both stifles were explored, gross examination was performed and tissue samples from the articular cartilage, cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and synovium were collected for histomorphology. The clinical signs of OA were obvious in the experimental dogs by 12 weeks of surgical induction of MPL, which was also evidenced in the histopathology of the joint tissues and electron microscopy of the articular cartilage. The radiographic changes of OA were not obvious until remarkable degenerative changes became abvious six months postoperatively. Surgically induced MPL can be a successful tool for experimental induction of OA in dogs.

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Radiographic and clinical changes of the patellar tendon after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1632960 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (04) ◽

pp. 235-242 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

S. W. Aiken ◽

G. R. DiResta ◽

L. G. Herr ◽

S. Monette ◽

K. Carey

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Patellar Tendon ◽

Medical Records ◽

Tibial Plateau ◽

Conservative Therapy ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Tibial Tuberosity Fracture ◽

Clinical Changes

SummaryPatellar tendon thickening (PTT) and patellar tendinosis (PTS) have been discussed in the veterinary literature as a post-operative complication of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). The purpose of this study was to define radiographic PTT, determine the frequency of and risk factors for PTT and PTS, and describe the clinical and histopathological findings of PTS after TPLO. We hypothesized that the location of the osteotomy alters forces placed on the patellar tendon resulting in PTT or PTS. Radiographs and medical records from 83 dogs undergoing 94 TPLO procedures were retrospectively evaluated. Two months post-operatively, 19 dogs (20.2%) had a normal patellar tendon or mild PTT, 51 (54.3%) had moderate PTT, and 24 (25.5%) had severe PTT. Seven of the 24 dogs (7.4%) with severe PTT had clinical signs consistent with PTS. Only dogs with severe PTT developed PTS (p < 0.0001). The risk factors for the development of PTT include: a cranial osteotomy, a partially intact cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in conjunction with a cranial osteotomy, and post-operative tibial tuberosity fracture. The only risk factor identified for the development of PTS was a partially intact CCL. Four dogs with PTS improved with conservative therapy and one improved with surgical treatment. Two dogs had tendon biopsies with histopathological review that showed tendon degeneration with lack of inflammation. As only the dogs with severe PTT develop PTS, a caudal osteotomy for the prevention of PTT and subsequent PTS is recommended.

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Titanium-Alloy Anchoring System as a Suitable Method of Extracapsular Repair

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2020.592742 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher Dominic ◽

Otto I. Lanz ◽

Noelle Muro ◽

Dominique Sawyere ◽

Karanvir Aulakh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Tracking System ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Intact Group ◽

Motion Data ◽

Anchoring System ◽

Pelvic Limb ◽

Electromagnetic Tracking System

Objective: To characterize the effect of a titanium-alloy anchoring system (TAS) on the motion of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle. To compare the motion with the TAS to that of the CrCL-intact and CrCL-deficient stifle.Study Design: Each canine pelvic limb was mounted in a loading jig under 30% body weight. Motion data was collected using an electromagnetic tracking system at stifle angles of 125°, 135°, and 145° with the CrCL-intact, CrCL-deficient and the TAS applied.Results: Total translation of the CrCL-deficient stifle following the TAS was reduced, but remained greater than the CrCL-intact stifle at angles of 125°, 135°, and 145°. Internal rotation of the TAS groups was greater than the CrCL-intact group at 145°, but not 125° and 135°. Varus motion of the TAS group was decreased compared to the CrCL-deficient group, but increased compared to the CrCL-intact group at angles of 125°, 135°, and 145°.Conclusion: Total translation and internal rotation of the CrCL-deficient stifle following the TAS differed from that of the CrCL-intact stifle. However, the TAS reduced total translation and internal rotation of the tibia relative to the femur in the CrCL-deficient stifle to levels that may yield clinically acceptable results.

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