scholarly journals Etiologic Agents of Bacterial Sepsis and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns among Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gelila Alebachew ◽  
Brhanu Teka ◽  
Mengistu Endris ◽  
Yitayal Shiferaw ◽  
Belay Tessema
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Bacterial Sepsis ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Background. Bacterial sepsis is a major cause of illness in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. There is scarce evidence about sepsis among HIV patients in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the etiologic agents of bacterial sepsis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among HIV infected patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 1 to May 2, 2013. One hundred patients infected with HIV and suspected of having sepsis were included. Sociodemographic data were collected by interview and blood sample was aseptically collected from study participants. All blood cultures were incubated aerobically at 35°C and inspected daily for 7 days. The positive blood cultures were identified following the standard procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion technique. Data was entered by Epi-info version 3.5.1 and analysis was done using SPSS version 20.Results. Of the study participants, 31 (31%) confirmed bacterial sepsis. The major isolates were 13 (13%)Staphylococcus aureus, 8 (8%) coagulates negative staphylococci, and 3 (3%) viridans streptococci. Majority of the isolates, 25 (80.6%), were multidrug resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents.Conclusions. Bacterial sepsis was a major cause of admission for HIV infected patients predominated byStaphylococcus aureusand coagulase negative staphylococci species and most of the isolates were multidrug resistant.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus isolated from clinical specimens at the Mater Hospital Nairobi, Kenya.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Okello ◽  
Loice Achieng ◽  
Christina Mwachari ◽  
Davies Otieno ◽  
Frederick Otieno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Prescription ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Mater Hospital ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
And Training ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of hospital and community acquired infections globally. Surveillance of prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns is important to ensure appropriate antibiotic prescription. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens in a tertiary referral and training hospital.A retrospective study was conducted at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Nairobi.It involved analyzing records of specimens analyzed between January 2014 and December 2018. Strains phenotypically resistant to <3 non β-lactam antimicrobial categories were defined as non-multidrug-resistant MRSA (nmMRSA) and strains that were resistant to ≥3 non-β-lactam antimicrobial groups were defined as multidrug-resistant MRSA (mMRSA). A specimen was categorized as Penicillin susceptible (PSSA) if susceptible to Penicillin and Oxacillin, MSSA if resistant to Penicillin and susceptible to Oxacillin, and MRSA if resistant to Oxacillin and Penicillin.ResultsPSSA accounted for 60.85%, (401/659)of S.aureus cultured.The prevalence of MSSA was 38.54%(254/659).MRSA was the least prevalent.(0.61%,4/659).No multi-drug Methicillin resistant S. aureus were isolated in the five-year period.PSSA accounted for 60.85%(401/659)of all S.aureus isolates.100% of MRSA isolated was sensitive to Vancomycin, Linezolid, Tigecycline, Tetracycline and Rifampicin. MRSA was resistant to Clindamycin and Erythromycin.Conclusion;The prevalence of MRSA was low compared to previous studies.All strains isolated were non-multidrug resistant.There was no resistance to Vancomycin detected.Penicillins are still a viable option in the treatment of majority of S.aureus infections in our setting.

scholarly journals Concordance of Results of Blood and Tissue Cultures from Patients with Pyogenic Spondylitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S6-S7
Author(s):  
Ji Yun Bae ◽  
Chung-Jong Kim ◽  
Uh Jin Kim ◽  
Kyoung-Ho Song ◽  
Eu Suk Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Pyogenic Spondylitis ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate the concordance of results of blood and tissue cultures in patients with pyogenic spondylitis. Methods We searched the patients with pyogenic spondylitis in whom micro-organisms were isolated from both blood and tissue cultures by retrospective review of medical records in three tertiary university-affiliated hospitals between January 2005 and December 2015. The species and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates from blood and tissue cultures were compared with each other. Results Among 141 patients with pyogenic spondylitis in whom micro-organisms were isolated from both blood and tissue cultures, the species of blood and tissue isolates were identical in 135 patients (95.7%, 135/141). Excluding the four anaerobic isolates, we investigated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 131 isolates of same species from blood and tissue cultures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were identical in 128 patients (97.7%, 128/131). The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (86 patients; 85 concordant and 1 discordant), followed by streptococcus (24 patients; 22 concordant and 2 discordant), and Escherichia coli (8 patients; all concordant). Conclusion We suggest that a positive blood culture from patients with pyogenic spondylitis could preclude the need for additional tissue cultures, especially when S. aureus and streptococcus grew in blood cultures. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Multidrug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

CHEST Journal ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 797-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Busillo ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Lessnou ◽  
Veraaf Sanjana ◽  
Sarantos Soumakis ◽  
Morton Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Intracellular Metabolism, and Effects on Human DNA Polymerases of 4′-Ethynyl-2-Fluoro-2′-Deoxyadenosine

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 2701-2708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotomo Nakata ◽  
Masayuki Amano ◽  
Yasuhiro Koh ◽  
Eiichi Kodama ◽  
Guangwei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We examined the intracytoplasmic anabolism and kinetics of antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 4′-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine (EFdA), which has potent activity against wild-type and multidrug-resistant HIV-1 strains. When CEM cells were exposed to 0.1 μM [3H]EFdA or [3H]3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT) for 6 h, the intracellular EFdA-triphosphate (TP) level was 91.6 pmol/109 cells, while that of AZT was 396.5 pmol/109 cells. When CEM cells were exposed to 10 μM [3H]EFdA, the amount of EFdA-TP increased by 22-fold (2,090 pmol/109 cells), while the amount of [3H]AZT-TP increased only moderately by 2.4-fold (970 pmol/109 cells). The intracellular half-life values of EFdA-TP and AZT-TP were ∼17 and ∼3 h, respectively. When MT-4 cells were cultured with 0.01 μM EFdA for 24 h, thoroughly washed to remove EFdA, further cultured without EFdA for various periods of time, exposed to HIV-1NL4-3, and cultured for an additional 5 days, the protection values were 75 and 47%, respectively, after 24 and 48 h with no drug incubation, while those with 1 μM AZT were 55 and 9.2%, respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentration values of EFdA-TP against human polymerases α, β, and γ were >100 μM, >100 μM, and 10 μM, respectively, while those of ddA-TP were >100 μM, 0.2 μM, and 0.2 μM, respectively. These data warrant further development of EFdA as a potential therapeutic agent for those patients who harbor wild-type HIV-1 and/or multidrug-resistant variants.

scholarly journals Impact of Safe Water Programs on Water Treatment Practices of People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Ethiopia, 2008

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3261
Author(s):  
Sunkyung Kim ◽  
Ciara E. O’Reilly ◽  
Sisay A. Abayneh ◽  
Achuyt Bhattarai ◽  
Jelaludin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Incidence ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Water Chlorination ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Hiv Programs

Household water chlorination has been shown to reduce diarrhea incidence among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). Some HIV programs in Ethiopia previously provided a socially marketed chlorination product (brand name WuhaAgar) to prevent diarrhea. To evaluate the program, we compared WuhaAgar use and water treatment practices between 795 clients from 20 antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics and 795 community members matched by age, sex, and neighborhood. Overall, 19% of study participants reported water treatment with WuhaAgar. Being an ART clinic client was associated with reported treatment of drinking water (matched odds ratios (mOR): 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9–5.0), reported current water treatment with WuhaAgar (mOR: 5.5, 95% CI 3.9–7.7), and bottles of WuhaAgar observed in the home (mOR: 8.8, 95% CI 5.4–14.3). Being an ART clinic client was also associated with reported diarrhea among respondents (mOR: 4.8, 95% CI 2.9–7.9) and household members (mOR:2.8, 95% CI: 1.9–4.2) in the two weeks preceding the survey. Results suggest that promoting and distributing water chlorination products in ART clinics was effective in increasing access to and use of water treatment products among PLHIV. The positive association between ART clinic attendees and diarrhea likely resulted from the immunocompromised status of ART clinic clients.

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