scholarly journals Impact of Safe Water Programs on Water Treatment Practices of People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Ethiopia, 2008

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3261
Author(s):  
Sunkyung Kim ◽  
Ciara E. O’Reilly ◽  
Sisay A. Abayneh ◽  
Achuyt Bhattarai ◽  
Jelaludin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Incidence ◽  
Current Water ◽  
Water Chlorination ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Hiv Programs

Household water chlorination has been shown to reduce diarrhea incidence among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). Some HIV programs in Ethiopia previously provided a socially marketed chlorination product (brand name WuhaAgar) to prevent diarrhea. To evaluate the program, we compared WuhaAgar use and water treatment practices between 795 clients from 20 antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics and 795 community members matched by age, sex, and neighborhood. Overall, 19% of study participants reported water treatment with WuhaAgar. Being an ART clinic client was associated with reported treatment of drinking water (matched odds ratios (mOR): 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9–5.0), reported current water treatment with WuhaAgar (mOR: 5.5, 95% CI 3.9–7.7), and bottles of WuhaAgar observed in the home (mOR: 8.8, 95% CI 5.4–14.3). Being an ART clinic client was also associated with reported diarrhea among respondents (mOR: 4.8, 95% CI 2.9–7.9) and household members (mOR:2.8, 95% CI: 1.9–4.2) in the two weeks preceding the survey. Results suggest that promoting and distributing water chlorination products in ART clinics was effective in increasing access to and use of water treatment products among PLHIV. The positive association between ART clinic attendees and diarrhea likely resulted from the immunocompromised status of ART clinic clients.

EFFECT OF HOME-BASED WATER CHLORINATION AND SAFE STORAGE ON DIARRHEA AMONG PERSONS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IN UGANDA

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 926-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN R. LULE ◽  
REBECCA BUNNELL ◽  
WINNIE WAFULA ◽  
RAYMOND RANSOM ◽  
AMINAH KIGOZI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Safe Storage ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Water Chlorination

Index testing among HIV-positive patients is feasible and successful in identifying additional HIV infections in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Arshad Altaf ◽  
Syed Sharaf Ali Shah ◽  
Safdar Pasha ◽  
Altaf Ahmed Soomro ◽  
Nazia Farrukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Outreach Workers ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Testing Approach ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Study Participants

Objective: To assess the feasibility of index testing approach to test the parents and siblings of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive children, and identify HIV-positive individuals. Methods: The study was conducted at Ratodero, Pakistan. Study participants were enrolled from September 2019 to February 2020.  The list of HIV-positive persons was provided by the Provincial Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Control Programme. Families of 706 HIV-positive persons were approached and all of them agreed to participate. The first test was performed by trained outreach workers. All those with a reactive first test were transported to the nearest health facility for further testing and confirmation. Mothers and siblings were tested at home while additional visits were carried out to reach the fathers.  Results: A total of 1766 persons were tested through HIV index testing. Biological siblings accounted for 81% of the contacts. We were able to test 413/463 (89.2%) mothers, 232/413 (56.2%) fathers and 1121/1392 (80.5%) siblings. Out of these, 7 mothers (1.7%) and 22 siblings (2.0%) were confirmed to be HIV-positive, while no one was found to be positive among the fathers. The overall HIV prevalence was 1.6% (29/1766). All HIV-positive persons were guided for treatment and care.  Conclusion: Results indicate that index-testing approach is feasible in Pakistan to expand HIV testing services through home visits.  Key words: Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, HIV testing, Pakistan, Index testing, HIV outbreak, Prevalence.

scholarly journals CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CLUSTER DIFFERENTIATION 4 COUNTS, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS CLINICAL STAGES, AND HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AMONG HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PATIENTS WITH ANEMIA IN MERPATI CLINIC, WANGAYA HOSPITAL, DENPASAR, BALI, INDONESIA: A CROSS-SECTI

2019 ◽  
pp. 426-429
Author(s):  
KETUT SURYANA ◽  
HAMONG SUHARSONO ◽  
GEDE BUDIASA ◽  
JARWA ANTARA ◽  
PUJI ASTUTI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Clinical Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Participants

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical stages, and hemoglobin (Hb) level among HIV-infected patients with anemia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2017 at Merpati Clinic of Wangaya Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. We selected 79 HIV patients with anemia to participate in our study. We grouped CD4 counts into two categories: <200 cells/μL and ≥200 cells/μL, and we classified the HIV clinical stages into HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Results: About 55.7% (44) of men and 44.3% (35) of women were participated in this study. As many as, 91.1% (72) of participants were AIDS patients. The mean Hb was 8.77 g/dl with SD 1.79 g/dl. 81% (64) of study participants were suffered from anemia on chronic disease or inflammatory anemia, and 19% (15) of study participants were suffered from iron deficiency anemia. The median for CD4 counts was 94 cells/μL (3–309 cells/μL) with as many as 78.5% (62) of participants were found to have low CD4 counts (<200 cells/μL). Spearman analysis revealed a positive correlation between CD4 counts and Hb level (r=0.427, p<0.001). Independent sample t-test analysis found a correlation between the HIV clinical stages and Hb level. There was a difference between the mean of Hb level in each stage with the average difference of 0.8 g/dl (95% confidence interval 0.04–1.6; p<0.04). Conclusions: There is a correlation between CD4 counts, HIV clinical stages, and Hb level among HIV patients with anemia.

scholarly journals Natural organic matter as precursor to disinfection byproducts and its removal using conventional and advanced processes: state of the art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surbhi Tak ◽  
Bhanu Prakash Vellanki
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Disinfection Byproduct ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Current Water

Abstract Natural organic matter (NOM) is ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and if present can cause varied drinking water quality issues, the major one being disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Trihalomethanes (THMs) are major classes of DBP that are formed during chlorination of NOM. The best way to remove DBPs is to target the precursors (NOM) directly. The main aim of this review is to study conventional as well as advanced ways of treating NOM, with a broad focus on NOM removal using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and biofiltration. The first part of the paper focuses on THM formation and removal using conventional processes and the second part focuses on the studies carried out during the years 2000–2018, specifically on NOM removal using AOPs and AOP-biofiltration. Considering the proven carcinogenic nature of THMs and their diverse health effects, it becomes important for any drinking water treatment industry to ameliorate the current water treatment practices and focus on techniques like AOP or synergy of AOP-biofiltration which showed up to 50–60% NOM reduction. The use of AOP alone provides a cost barrier which can be compensated by the use of biofiltration along with AOP with low energy inputs, making it a techno-economically feasible option for NOM removal.

scholarly journals Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission Risk in Analytical Treatment Interruption Studies: Relational Factors and Moral Responsibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S12-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Analytical Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Analytical treatment interruption (ATI) is becoming common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure-related research, but its use is controversial. ATI raises concerns about risks of HIV transmission to sexual partners of study participants. Researchers may have difficulty addressing these risks, given that study participants’ private behavior is implicated, the partners are not enrolled in the research, and behavioral HIV risk mitigation strategies usually fall outside the study objectives. This analysis argues that researchers should assume some responsibility for partners’ risks, based on the importance of partner relationships for the study participants themselves, and out of concern for the partners’ welfare. Adding this responsibility is reasonable since the risk is created in part by research procedures, and since concern for third parties is often part of professional standards for healthcare providers. Study participants and their partners also bear some responsibility. Specific recommendations for measures to address risk are discussed.

scholarly journals Etiologic Agents of Bacterial Sepsis and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns among Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gelila Alebachew ◽  
Brhanu Teka ◽  
Mengistu Endris ◽  
Yitayal Shiferaw ◽  
Belay Tessema
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Bacterial Sepsis ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Background. Bacterial sepsis is a major cause of illness in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. There is scarce evidence about sepsis among HIV patients in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the etiologic agents of bacterial sepsis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns among HIV infected patients.Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 1 to May 2, 2013. One hundred patients infected with HIV and suspected of having sepsis were included. Sociodemographic data were collected by interview and blood sample was aseptically collected from study participants. All blood cultures were incubated aerobically at 35°C and inspected daily for 7 days. The positive blood cultures were identified following the standard procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion technique. Data was entered by Epi-info version 3.5.1 and analysis was done using SPSS version 20.Results. Of the study participants, 31 (31%) confirmed bacterial sepsis. The major isolates were 13 (13%)Staphylococcus aureus, 8 (8%) coagulates negative staphylococci, and 3 (3%) viridans streptococci. Majority of the isolates, 25 (80.6%), were multidrug resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents.Conclusions. Bacterial sepsis was a major cause of admission for HIV infected patients predominated byStaphylococcus aureusand coagulase negative staphylococci species and most of the isolates were multidrug resistant.

scholarly journals Estimating the Timing of Early Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: a Comparison between Poisson Fitter and BEAST

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena E. Giorgi ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Tanmoy Bhattacharya ◽  
George M. Shaw ◽  
Bette Korber
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Viral Population ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Hiv Prevention Strategies ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Editing Enzyme

ABSTRACT Many HIV prevention strategies are currently under consideration where it is highly informative to know the study participants’ times of infection. These can be estimated using viral sequence data sampled early in infection. However, there are several scenarios that, if not addressed, can skew timing estimates. These include multiple transmitted/founder (TF) viruses, APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like)-mediated mutational enrichment, and recombination. Here, we suggest a pipeline to identify these problems and resolve the biases that they introduce. We then compare two modeling strategies to obtain timing estimates from sequence data. The first, Poisson Fitter (PF), is based on a Poisson model of random accumulation of mutations relative to the TF virus (or viruses) that established the infection. The second uses a coalescence-based phylogenetic strategy as implemented in BEAST. The comparison is based on timing predictions using plasma viral RNA (cDNA) sequence data from 28 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected animals for which the exact day of infection is known. In this particular setting, based on nucleotide sequences from samples obtained in early infection, the Poisson method yielded more accurate, more precise, and unbiased estimates for the time of infection than did the explored implementations of BEAST. IMPORTANCE The inference of the time of infection is a critical parameter in testing the efficacy of clinical interventions in protecting against HIV-1 infection. For example, in clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of passively delivered antibodies (Abs) for preventing infections, accurate time of infection data are essential for discerning levels of the Abs required to confer protection, given the natural Ab decay rate in the human body. In such trials, genetic sequences from early in the infection are regularly sampled from study participants, generally prior to immune selection, when the viral population is still expanding and genetic diversity is low. In this particular setting of early viral growth, the Poisson method is superior to the alternative approach based on coalescent methods. This approach can also be applied in human vaccine trials, where accurate estimates of infection times help ascertain if vaccine-elicited immune protection wanes over time.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated factors of Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections among voluntary counseling and testing clients attending private health facilities in Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zena Ameha ◽  
Senait Tadesse ◽  
Abate Assefa ◽  
Belay Tessema
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Voluntary Counseling ◽  
Voluntary Counseling And Testing ◽  
Counseling And Testing ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Objective Although incredible progress has been made in treatment and prevention of Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections, the epidemic continues to spread in developing nations. The information on the prevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections among voluntary counseling and testing clients in Ethiopia is limited. Hence, the study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections among voluntary counseling and testing clients attending private health facilities in Bahir Dar city. Result A total of 382 study participants with the mean age of 25.43 years (SD = ± 6.87) were enrolled. Overall, 14 (3.7%) and 8 (2.1%) voluntary counseling and testing clients were positive for human immunodeficiency virus and Hepatitis C virus respectively. All Hepatitis C virus antibody positive individuals were males (3.8%). The sero-prevalence of Hepatitis C virus was significantly associated with the age group 41–50 years old (AOR = 65.65; 95% CI 4.57–943). Married study participants were also significantly associated with HIV infection (AOR = 7.92, 95% CI 1.32–47.31).

scholarly journals Characteristics of Motor Dysfunction in Longstanding Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1532-1538
Author(s):  
Jessica Robinson-Papp ◽  
Gary Gensler ◽  
Allison Navis ◽  
Seth Sherman ◽  
Ronald J Ellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Motor Abnormalities ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Cognitive dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has decreased, but milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist along with motor dysfunction. The HIV Motor Scale (HMS) is a validated tool that captures motor abnormalities on routine neurologic examination and which is associated with cognitive impairment in HIV. In this study, we applied a modified HMS (MHMS) to a nationwide cohort of people with longstanding HIV to characterize and understand the factors contributing to motor dysfunction. Methods The National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium is a nationwide longitudinal cohort study. Participants undergo regular assessments including neurological examination, neuropsychological testing, and immunovirologic data collection. Data from examinations were used to calculate the MHMS score, which was then correlated with history of AIDS-related central nervous system (CNS) disorders (ARCD; eg, prior CNS opportunistic infection), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and HAND. Results Sixty-nine percent of participants showed an abnormality on the MHMS, with 27% classified as severe. Results did not vary based on demographic or immunologic variables. The most common abnormalities seen were gait (54%), followed by coordination (39%) and strength (25%), and these commonly co-occurred. CVD (P = .02), history of ARCD (P = .001), and HAND (P = .001) were all associated with higher (ie, worse) HMS in univariate analyses; CVD and ARCD persisted in multivariate analyses. CVD was also marginally associated with symptomatic HAND. Conclusions Complex motor dysfunction remains common in HIV and is associated with CVD, ARCD, and to a lesser extent, HAND. Future studies are needed to understand the longitudinal trajectory of HIV-associated motor dysfunction, its neural substrates, and impact on quality of life.

scholarly journals Is it ethical to isolate study participants to prevent HIV transmission during trials with an analytical treatment interruption?

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S19-S21
Author(s):  
Nir Eyal ◽  
Monica Magalhaes
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Analytical Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract This commentary considers an extreme idea for protecting against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission to sex partners of individuals participating in HIV remission studies with an analytical treatment interruption (ATI). Other human challenge studies, such as studies of influenza, commonly isolate participants during the trial, to protect their contacts and the community against infection. Why should HIV studies with a treatment interruption be any different, one might wonder? This article concludes that isolation should not be used in HIV remission studies with an ATI but also shows that the matter is complex.

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