scholarly journals Improvement of Electroacupuncture on APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice in Spatial Learning and Memory Probably due to Expression of Aβand LRP1 in Hippocampus

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Yanhuan Miao ◽  
Jiawula Abulizi ◽  
Fu Li ◽  
Yuping Mo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Normal Control Group ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Amyloid A

Objectives. To explore the alterations ofβ-amyloid (Aβ) and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) in APP/PS1 mice after electroacupuncture (EA) treatment and further to explore the mechanism.Methods. Forty 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice were randomly divided into a model group and an EA group, with twenty wild-type mice used as a normal control group. Mice in the EA group were treated with EA at GV 20 (băi huì) and bilateral KI 1 (yŏng quán) acupoints for 6 weeks. The Morris water maze was applied to assess the spatial memory in behavior. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), ELISA, Western blotting, and so forth were used to observe the expression of LRP1 and Aβ.Results. The Morris water maze test showed that, compared with the normal control group, the model group’s learning and memory capabilities were significantly decreased (P<0.05;P<0.01). The EA group was reversed (P<0.05;P<0.01). The hippocampal expression of Aβin the EA group was significantly decreased compared to the model group (P<0.01). The expression of LRP1 in the model group was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P<0.01); the expression in the EA group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.01).Conclusions. EA therapy can improve the learning and memory capabilities of APP/PS1 mice. The underlying mechanism may lie in the upregulation of an Aβtransport receptor and LRP1.

scholarly journals Effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate on the Modulation of Memory and Learning in Sprague-Dawley Rat Hippocampus

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 291-295
Author(s):  
Asma Ulhusna Shaimi ◽  
Hasmah Abdullah ◽  
Zalina Ismail ◽  
Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Rat Hippocampus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Swimming Pattern ◽  
The Brain

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) is a neurosteroid that is found in greater concentration within the brain rather than in any other body organ (Corpechot et al., 1981) and studies have shown that in the brain, DHEAS has a role in enhancing both learning and memory (Markowski et.al., 2001). This present study investigated the relationship between DHEAS and spatial learning and memory in the rat hippocampus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups and their spatial learning behaviour was evaluated with the Morris Water Maze. The intensity of DHEAS was simultaneously recorded in real time via the Fiber Fluorescence Microscopy (FFM) S-650 probe of the Cellvisio system. There were significant changes in the swimming pattern of the experimental groups obtained via the Morris Water Maze from day 1 until day 5 and day 6 for the probe test. Meanwhile, it was also seen that the intensity of DHEAS fluorescence increased in parallel to the swimming pattern of the experimental rats in comparison to the control group. The findings suggest that the changes in DHEAS fluorescence has a strong link to both spatial learning and memory.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Treatment Improves Learning-Memory Ability and Brain Glucose Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease: Using Morris Water Maze and Micro-PET

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Jiang ◽  
Kai Gao ◽  
Yuan Zhou ◽  
Anping Xu ◽  
Suhua Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Electroacupuncture Treatment

Introduction. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes progressive hippocampus dysfunctions leading to the impairment of learning and memory ability and low level of uptake rate of glucose in hippocampus. What is more, there is no effective treatment for AD. In this study, we evaluated the beneficial and protective effects of electroacupuncture in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8).Method. In the electroacupuncture paradigm, electroacupuncture treatment was performed once a day for 15 days on 7.5-month-old SAMP8 male mice. In the normal control paradigm and AD control group, 7.5-month-old SAMR1 male mice and SAMP8 male mice were grabbed and bandaged while electroacupuncture group therapy, in order to ensure the same treatment conditions, once a day, 15 days.Results. From the Morris water maze (MWM) test, we found that the treatment of electroacupuncture can improve the spatial learning and memory ability of SAMP8 mouse, and from the micro-PET test, we proved that after the electroacupuncture treatment the level of uptake rate of glucose in hippocampus was higher than normal control group.Conclusion. These results suggest that the treatment of electroacupuncture may provide a viable treatment option for AD.

scholarly journals Impact of amitriptyline on learning and memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 009-015
Author(s):  
CC Mfem ◽  
SA Seriki
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Acquisition Trial ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Retention Trial

Background/aim: Amitriptyline belongs to class of known as tricycline antidepresant (TCA) that is being used to treat anxiety and depressive states. It may help improve mood and feelings of well-being, relieve anxiety and tension, help to improve sleep and increase energy level. The study investigated the effect of amitriptyline on learning and memory using eighteen (18) healthy Swiss mice of both sexes weighing 16 – 25 g. Method: The animals were divided into three (3) groups consisting of six (6) animals each. Group 1 served as the control group, Group 2 was administered with amitriptyline at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 3 mls of distilled water, and used to test for learning, while Group three was also given similar administration like Group 2, but used to test for memory. All the animals were tested for learning and memory performance using Novel object recognition task and Morris water maze test. Results: The results obtained from the Novel object recognition task showed that there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total object approach in acquisition trial of amitriptyline treated group when compared to the acquisition trial of the control group. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in retention trial of amitriptyline group when compared to retention trial in the control group. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total duration exploring objects in acquisition trial of amitriptyline treated group when compared to the acquisition trial of the control group. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in total duration exploring objects in retention trial of amitriptyline treated group when compared to the retention trial of the control group. There was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the index of habituation of amitriptyline treated group when compared to the control group. The index of discrimination showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in amitriptyline treated group when compared to the control group and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in amitriptyline group when compared to the control group. In the Morris water maze test, Day 1 – 3 were for acquisition training, day 4 – 6 reversal training, day 7 the probe trial day and day 8 the visible platform day. During acquisition training in the Morris water maze test, there was no significant difference in Swim latencies in day 1 and 2. However in day 3, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in swim latency of group compared to control group and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in swim latency of amitriptyline treated group compared to the control group. During reversal training in day 1, 2 and 3, there was no significant difference in swim latency among the three groups. Results for the retention quadrant in the probe trials showed a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in amitriptyline group when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Results suggest that amitriptyline impairs learning and memory functions.

Improvement of Impaired Memory in Mice by Schisandrin

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 1533-1538
Author(s):  
Yan Chun Wang ◽  
Kuang Ren ◽  
Nan Shen ◽  
Xiao Dong Huang ◽  
Hong Yan Fan
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pentobarbital Sodium ◽  
Maze Test

We assessed the effectiveness and mechanism of action of schisandrin on modulation of learning and memory disorders in mice. Memory impairment was established in mice by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (20 mg/kg). Schisandrin (0.5, 1.0, 2.0g/kg) were administered by intragavage once daily for 14 consecutive days. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the ability of schisandrin to reduce phenobarbital-induced learning and memory impairment. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) nitric oxide (NO) and catalase (CAT) were measured in brain tissue samples taken from the mice. Other biomarkers measured included expression of nuclear transcription factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus CA1 region, which were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. On the fifth day of treatment, the mice in the pentobarbital sodium group performed worse on the Morris water maze test compared to untreated controls (P<0.01), which could be prolonged after schisandrin treatment (P<0.05 for="" low="" and="" intermediate="" dose="" groups="" analysis="" of="" brain="" tissues="" showed="" that="" compared="" with="" the="" control="" group="" no="" levels="" were="" increased="" sod="" cat="" activity="" decreased="" in="" pentobarbital="" sodium="" i="">P<0.01). After treatment with schisandrin, the NO levels were significantly decreased (P<0.01), while SOD and CAT activity increased (P<0.01). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that, in phenobarbital only group, the protein expression of BDNF decreased, NF-κB increased compared to untreated controls, and schisandrin could reverse this trend (P<0.05 and="" i="">P<0.01, respectively). The results suggest that schisandrin is effective in improving the learning and memory deficiency induced by pentobarbital sodium, the mechanism of which may be related modulation of cellular response to oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Effects of Flavonoids from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi Stems and Leaves on Learning and Memory Ability of APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi ◽  
Stems And Leaves

Introduction: APP/PS1 transgenic mice are established natively AD-like animal model. The present study used this animal model to study the effects of stems and leaves flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SSF) on APP/PS1 transgenic mice learning and memory ability with Morris water maze, jumping platform, dark box and shuttle box test. The results demonstrated that SSF markedly improve the learning and memory ability in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and the four behavioral tests of Morris water maze, jumping platform, dark box and shuttle box are also suitable methods for evaluating the learning and memory ability of animals. Objective: To study the effects of SSF on the learning and memory ability in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by several behavioral experiment methods. Methods: APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly divided into model group and three doses of SSF treated groups. While, the same period C57BL/6J mice were used as the control group. The APP/PS1 transgenic mice in the drug group were given continuous daily and orally administration of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg SSF for 77 days. On the day 51 of administration, four behavioral experimental methods, including Morris water maze, jumping platform, dark box and shuttle box were supplied to test the learning and memory ability of all mice and continually administered SSF during the test. Results: Compared with the control group, Morris water maze test found that model group mice had a significant longer latency to find the hidden platform, shortened swimming time in the target quadrant, and reduced number of crossing platforms (P<0.05, P<0.01). The detection of jumping platform and dark box showed that the latencies of the model group for jumping off the platform and entering the dark box were significantly shortened, and error times received by electric shocks was significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). The shuttle box test reported that the number of active avoidance in the model group was significantly decreased, while the times of passive avoidance and non-response were significantly increased (P<0.05, P< 0.01). However, the three doses of SSF markedly shortened or prolonged the latency of APP/PS1 transgenic mice to find the hidden platform, jump off the platform and enter the dark box, as well as reduce the errors times of electric shock (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion: SSF can improve the learning and memory impairment of APP/PS1 mice by different behavioral test.

Protective Effects of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Alkaloids on Alzheimer's Disease-like Symptoms Induced by High-methionine Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Pi ◽  
Guangping Lang ◽  
Bo Liu ◽  
Jingshan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Cpg Island ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Dendrobium Nobile ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Neuron Damage ◽  
Cpg Island Methylation

Background: High methionine-diet (HMD) causes Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like symptoms. Previous studies have shown that Dendrobium nobile Lindle. alkaloids (DNLA) had potential benefits for AD. Object: Whether DNLA can improve AD-like symptoms induced by HMD is to be explored. Method: Mice were fed with 2% HMD diet for 11 weeks, the DNLA20 control group (20 mg/kg), DNLA10 group (10 mg/kg), and DNLA20 group (20 mg/kg) were administrated with DNLA for 3 months. Morris water maze test was used to detect learning and memory ability. Neuron damage was evaluated by HE and Nissl stainings. Levels of homocysteine (Hcy), beta-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42), S-adenosine methionine (SAM), and S-adenosine homocysteine (SAH) were detected by ELISA. Immunofluorescence and western blotting (WB) were used to determine the expression of proteins. CPG island methylation. Results: Morris water maze test revealed that DNLA improved learning and memory dysfunction. HE, Nissl, and immunofluorescence stainings showed that DNLA alleviated neuron damage and reduced the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC), Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 levels. DNLA also decreased the levels of Hcy and Aβ1-42 in the serum, along with decreased SAM/SAH levels in the liver tissue. WB results showed that DNLA down-regulated the expression of the amyloid-precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PS1), beta-secretase-1 (BACE1), DNA methyltransferase1 (DNMT1), Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 proteins. DNLA also up-regulated the expression of the protein of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), neprilysin (NEP), DNMT3a, and DNMT3b. Meanwhile, DNLA increased CPG island methylation levels of APP and BACE1 genes. Conclusions: DNLA alleviated AD-like symptoms induced by HMD via the DNA methylation pathway.

scholarly journals MORRIS WATER MAZE – A BENCH MARK TEST FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY DISORDERS IN ANIMAL MODELS: A REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Ch Venkataramaiah ◽  
G Swathi ◽  
W Rajendra
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Bench Mark ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Escape Route ◽  
Laboratory Rats

 The morris water maze (MWM) was developed by morris as a device to investigate spatial learning and memory in laboratory rats. MWM has become one of the most frequently used laboratory tools in behavioral neuroscience. The MWM task has been often used in the validation of rodent models for neurocognitive disorders (e.g., Parkinson, Alzheimer, Epilepsy, and Schizophrenia), and the evaluation of possible neurocognitive treatments. It is also being used to assess the properties of established potential antipsychotics in animal models of Schizophrenia. The MWM task requires rats to find a hidden platform in a large, circular pool of water that is colored opaque with powdered non-fat milk (or) non-toxic tempera paint where they must swim to the hidden platform. Because they are in the opaque water, the animals cannot see the platform and cannot rely on scent to find the escape route. Instead, they must rely on extra-maze cues. The behavior of rat can be evaluated by analyzing the different parameters such as escape latency, swim speed, and path length, and probe trail. The purpose of this review is to briefly describe procedural aspects, interpretational difficulties of data and advantages of MWM. This paradigm has become a benchmark test for learning and memory difficulties in animal models and preclinical research in general.

Soybean Isoflavones Influences Learning and Memory and Caspase-3 Levels in the Hippocampus of Rats after MWM Test

2013 ◽  
Vol 411-414 ◽  
pp. 3178-3180
Author(s):  
Li Hai Jin ◽  
Xing Yu Zhao ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Guo Qing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Soybean Isoflavones ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Intermediate Dose

We assessed the effectiveness and mechanism of action of Soybean Isoflavones on learning and memory and Caspase-3 levels in the hippocampus of rats after Morris water maze (MWM test). Soybean Isoflavones (200,400 or 800 mg/kg/d) were administered by intragavage once daily for 14 consecutive days. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the ability of Soybean Isoflavones to increase learning and memory impairment. The levels of Caspase-3 in hippocampus of rats were detected by Westernblot after MWM test. Compared to untreated controls (P<0.01), MWM could be prolonged after Soybean Isoflavones treatment (P<0.05 for="" low="" and="" intermediate="" dose="" groups="" westernblot="" analysis="" showed="" that="" the="" protein="" expression="" of="" caspase-3="" was="" decreased="" in="" different="" concentration="" soybean="" isoflavones="" i="">P<0.05 and="" i="">P<0.01, respectively). The results suggest that Soybean Isoflavones is effective in improving the learning and memory in rats , the mechanism of which may be related Caspase ways.

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