scholarly journals The Case of the Disappearing Spindle Burst

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Tiriac ◽  
Mark S. Blumberg
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Retinal Waves ◽  
Cortical Oscillations ◽  
Sensory Activity ◽  
Transient Feature ◽  
Sensorimotor Systems ◽  
Peripheral Sensory

Sleep spindles are brief cortical oscillations at 10–15 Hz that occur predominantly during non-REM (quiet) sleep in adult mammals and are thought to contribute to learning and memory. Spindle bursts are phenomenologically similar to sleep spindles, but they occur predominantly in early infancy and are triggered by peripheral sensory activity (e.g., by retinal waves); accordingly, spindle bursts are thought to organize neural networks in the developing brain and establish functional links with the sensory periphery. Whereas the spontaneous retinal waves that trigger spindle bursts in visual cortex are a transient feature of early development, the myoclonic twitches that drive spindle bursts in sensorimotor cortex persist into adulthood. Moreover, twitches—and their associated spindle bursts—occur exclusively during REM (active) sleep. Curiously, despite the persistence of twitching into adulthood, twitch-related spindle bursts have not been reported in adult sensorimotor cortex. This raises the question of whether such spindle burst activity does not occur in adulthood or, alternatively, occurs but has yet to be discovered. If twitch-related spindle bursts do occur in adults, they could contribute to the calibration, maintenance, and repair of sensorimotor systems.

scholarly journals Twitches emerge postnatally during quiet sleep in human infants and are synchronized with sleep spindles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta Sokoloff ◽  
James C. Dooley ◽  
Ryan M. Glanz ◽  
Rebecca Y. Wen ◽  
Meredith M. Hickerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Cortical Oscillations ◽  
Major Stage ◽  
Behavioral Assessments ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Unique Source

SummaryIn humans and other mammals, the stillness of sleep is punctuated by bursts of rapid eye movements (REMs) and myoclonic twitches of the limbs [1]. Contrary to the notion that twitches are mere by-products of dreams, sensory feedback arising from twitching limbs provides a rich and unique source of activation to the developing sensorimotor system [2]. In fact, it is partly because of the behavioral activation of REM sleep that this state is also called active sleep (AS), in contrast with the behavioral quiescence that gives quiet sleep (QS)—the second major stage of sleep—its name. In human infants, for which AS occupies eight or more hours of each day [3], limb twitching is one among several components that help to identify the state [4-7]; nonetheless, we know relatively little about the structure and functions of twitching across development. Recently, in sleeping infants over the first seven postnatal months [8], we documented a pronounced shift in the temporal expression of twitching beginning around three months of age that suggested a qualitative shift in how twitches are produced. Here, we combine behavioral assessments of twitching with high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and demonstrate that this shift reflects the developmental emergence of limb twitches during QS. Twitches during QS are not only unaccompanied by REMs, but they also occur synchronously with sleep spindles, a hallmark of QS. As QS-related twitching increases with age, sleep spindle rate also increases along the sensorimotor strip. The emerging synchrony between subcortically generated twitches and cortical oscillations suggests the development of functional connectivity among distant sensorimotor structures, with potential implications for detecting and explaining atypical developmental trajectories.

scholarly journals Twitches emerge postnatally during quiet sleep in human infants and are synchronized with sleep spindles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta Sokoloff ◽  
James C. Dooley ◽  
Ryan M. Glanz ◽  
Rebecca Y. Wen ◽  
Meredith M. Hickerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Human Infants

scholarly journals Repetitive hypoxia rapidly depresses cardio-respiratory responses during active sleep but not quiet sleep in the newborn lamb

1999 ◽  
Vol 519 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renea V. Johnston ◽  
Daniel A. Grant ◽  
Malcolm H. Wilkinson ◽  
Adrian M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Newborn Lamb ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Comparison of arousal responses to tracheal and face mask occlusions in sleeping newborn piglets

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 2482-2486 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Barrington ◽  
R. G. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Tracheal Occlusion ◽  
Newborn Piglets

The arousal responses after occlusion of the airway at the mid-trachea were compared with the responses after occlusion of the airway in a face mask in chronically instrumented 3- to 5-day-old piglets. For each site of occlusion arousal latency was significantly longer from active sleep than from quiet sleep. There was a significant increase in the frequency of early arousals after face mask occlusions compared with tracheal occlusions in both sleep states. During quiet sleep the frequency of arousal by 1 s after occlusion was 0.55 with face mask occlusions compared with 0.28 with tracheal occlusion (P less than 0.01). During active sleep the frequency of arousal by 3 s after a face mask occlusion was 0.32 compared with 0.08 after tracheal occlusion (P less than 0.05). Arousal from quiet sleep occurred before changes in arterial oxygen saturation. During active sleep mean saturation at arousal was not different between face mask and tracheal occlusions. Exposure of the upper airway to the pressures generated during airway occlusions results in earlier arousal in both quiet and active sleep, indicating a potential role for upper airway mechanoreceptors in initiating arousal in the newborn piglet.

Direct measurement of the energy expenditure of physical activity in preterm infants

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patti J. Thureen ◽  
Robert E. Phillips ◽  
Karen A. Baron ◽  
Mark P. DeMarie ◽  
William W. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep

The energy cost of physical activity (EEA) has been estimated to account for 5–17% of total energy expenditure (TEE) in neonates. To directly measure EEA, a force plate was developed and validated to measure work outputs ranging from 0.3 to 40 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1. By use of this force plate plus indirect calorimetry, TEE and EEA were measured and correlated with five activity states in 24 infants with gestational age of 31.6 ± 0.5 (SE) wk and postnatal age of 24.8 ± 3.7 days. TEE and EEA were 69.2 ± 1.5 and 2.4 ± 0.2 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1, respectively. EEA per state was 0.5 ± 0.0 (quiet sleep), 2.4 ± 0.2 (active sleep), 2.8 ± 0.4 (quiet awake), 7.5 ± 0.8 (active awake), and 15.1 ± 2.3 (crying) kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1. This provides the first direct measurement of the contribution of physical activity to TEE in preterm infants and will enable measurement of caloric expenditure from muscle activity in various disease conditions and development of nursing strategies to minimize unnecessary energy losses.

Arousal pattern following central and obstructive breathing abnormalities in infants and children

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 2651-2657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances McNamara ◽  
Faiq G. Issa ◽  
Colin E. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Respiratory Events ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
In Infants And Children

McNamara, Frances, Faiq G. Issa, and Colin E. Sullivan.Arousal pattern following central and obstructive breathing abnormalities in infants and children. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(6): 2651–2657, 1996.—We analyzed the polysomnographic records of 15 children and 20 infants with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to examine the interaction between central and obstructive breathing abnormalities and arousal from sleep. Each patient was matched for age with an infant or child who had no OSA. We found that the majority of respiratory events in infants and children was not terminated with arousal. In children, arousals terminated 39.3 ± 7.2% of respiratory events during quiet sleep and 37.8 ± 7.2% of events during active (rapid-eye-movement) sleep. In infants, arousals terminated 7.9 ± 1.0% of events during quiet sleep and 7.9 ± 1.2% of events during active sleep. In both infants and children, however, respiratory-related arousals occurred more frequently after obstructive apneas and hypopneas than after central events. Spontaneous arousals occurred in all patients with OSA during quiet and active sleep. The frequency of spontaneous arousals was not different between children with OSA and their matched controls. During active sleep, however, infants with OSA had significantly fewer spontaneous arousals than did control infants. We conclude that arousal is not an important mechanism in the termination of respiratory events in infants and children and that electroencephalographic criteria are not essential to determine the clinical severity of OSA in the pediatric population.

Characteristic Membrane Potential Trajectories in Primate Sensorimotor Cortex Neurons Recorded In Vivo

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 2713-2725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daofen Chen ◽  
Eberhard E. Fetz
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Interspike Intervals ◽  
Cortical Oscillations ◽  
Firing Properties

We examined the membrane potentials and firing properties of motor cortical neurons recorded intracellularly in awake, behaving primates. Three classes of neuron were distinguished by 1) the width of their spikes, 2) the shape of the afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and 3) the distribution of interspike intervals. Type I neurons had wide spikes, exhibited scoop-shaped AHPs, and fired irregularly. Type II neurons had narrower spikes, showed brief postspike afterdepolarizations before the AHP, and sometimes fired high-frequency doublets. Type III neurons had the narrowest spikes, showed a distinct post-AHP depolarization, or “rebound AHP” (rAHP), lasting nearly 30 ms, and tended to fire at 25–35 Hz. The evidence suggests that an intrinsic rAHP may confer on these neurons a tendency to fire at a preferred frequency governed by the duration of the rAHP and may contribute to a “pacemaking” role in generating cortical oscillations.

scholarly journals Postnatal maturation of laryngeal chemoreflexes in the preterm lamb

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1429-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie St-Hilaire ◽  
Nathalie Samson ◽  
Elise Nsegbe ◽  
Charles Duvareille ◽  
François Moreau-Bussière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Lower Airway ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
Life Threatening

Laryngeal chemoreflexes (LCR) are triggered by the contact of liquids with the laryngeal mucosa. In the mature organism, LCR trigger lower airway protective responses (coughing, effective swallowing, and arousal) to prevent aspiration. General belief holds that LCR are responsible for apnea and bradycardia in the newborn mammal, including humans. Our laboratory has recently shown that LCR in full-term lambs are consistently analogous to the mature LCR reported in adult mammals, without significant apneas and bradycardias (St-Hilaire M, Nsegbe E, Gagnon-Gervais K, Samson N, Moreau-Bussiere F, Fortier PH, and Praud J-P. J Appl Physiol 98: 2197–2203, 2005). The aim of the present study was to assess LCR in nonsedated, newborn preterm lambs born at 132 days of gestation (term = 147 days). The preterm lambs were instrumented for recording glottal adductor electromyogram, electroencephalogram, eye movements, heart rate, respiration, and oximetry. A chronic supraglottal catheter was used for injecting 0.5 ml of saline, distilled water, and HCl (pH 2) during quiet sleep, active sleep, and wakefulness on postnatal days 7 (D7) and 14 (D14). Laryngeal stimulation by water or HCl on D7 induced significant apneas, bradycardia, and desaturation, which, at times, appeared potentially life-threatening. No significant apneas, bradycardias, or desaturation were observed on D14. No consistent effects of sleep state could be shown in the present study. In conclusion, laryngeal stimulation by liquids triggers potentially dangerous LCR in preterm lambs on D7, but not on D14. It is proposed that maturation of the LCR between D7 and D14 is partly involved in the disappearance of apneas/bradycardias of prematurity with postnatal age.

SLEEP CYCLE CHARACTERISTICS IN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Evelyn Stern ◽  
Arthur H. Parmelee ◽  
Yoshio Akiyama ◽  
Marvin A. Schultz ◽  
Waldemar H. Wenner
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Activity Cycle ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Activity Cycles ◽  
Significant Measure ◽  
Polygraphic Recording ◽  
Rest Activity

Within the sleep of adults and infants there are cyclic fluctuations between quiet and active sleep. These fluctuations may also persist during wakefulness as rest-activity cycles but are less readily detected. They constitute a fundamental biological rhythm on which other daily rhythms are superimposed. In adults the rest-activity cycle is 90 minutes in duration. The quiet-active sleep cycles of term, 3-, and 8-month-old infants were determined by polygraphic recording of eye and body movements, respirations, and electroencephalogram. The cycle length at term was 47 minutes and 49 and 50 minutes at 3 and 8 months. The increase in cycle length with maturation was not significant, but there was a significant change in the proportion of quiet to active sleep within a cycle. At term they were equal, while at 8 months quiet sleep was twice as long as active sleep. Quiet sleep is a highly controlled state requiring complex feedback mechanisms. The increasing proportion of quiet sleep may be a significant measure of normal brain development.

Periodic Apnea in the Full-Term Infant: Individual Consistency, Sex Differences, and State Specificity

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Waite ◽  
Evelyn B. Thoman
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Consistency

The occurrence of periodic apnea (apnea during periodic breathing) was studied in 27 normal, full-term infants during the first five weeks of life. The rate and mean length of apnea were analyzed both with respect to sleep state and with respect to respiratory pattern, ie, periodic vs nonperiodic breathing. The rate of apnea was found to vary according to sleep state and the pattern of breathing. The highest apnea rates were non-periodic apneas in active sleep. Periodic apnea rates were relatively low in both active and quiet sleep; however, this type of apnea was consistently observed from weeks 2 through 5. The proportion of apneas that are periodic is much higher in quiet sleep than in active sleep. Rates of periodic and nonperiodic apnea were more consistently correlated in active sleep than in quiet sleep. The mean length of periodic apnea was found to be significantly greater than the mean length of nonperiodic apnea in both sleep states, a difference that reflected a greater positive skew in the distribution of the nonperiodic apnea lengths. This variation in length between periodic and nonperiodic apnea explains, in part, the increased mean length in quiet sleep compared with active sleep. There were significant individual differences over weeks in both forms of apnea in active sleep and in quiet sleep. Female infants were observed to have higher rates of nonperiodic apnea than male infants in active sleep, although no significant differences in the distribution of lengths were obtained.

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