scholarly journals Real-Time Video Latency Measurement between a Robot and Its Remote Control Station: Causes and Mitigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Admir Kaknjo ◽  
Muzaffar Rao ◽  
Edin Omerdic ◽  
Luke Robinson ◽  
Daniel Toal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Clock Synchronization ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Normal System ◽  
System Control ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Ip Camera

This work presents a detailed study, characterization, and measurement of video latency in a real-time video streaming application. The target application consists of an automatic control system in the form of a control station and the mini Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) equipped with a camera, which is controllable over local area network (LAN) and the Internet. Control signal transmission and feedback measurements to the operator usually impose real-time constraints on the network channel. Similarly, the video stream, which is required for the normal system control and maneuvering, imposes further strict requirements on the network in terms of bandwidth and latency. Based on these requirements, controlling the system in real time through a standard Internet connection is a challenging task. The measurement of important network parameters like availability, bandwidth, and latency has become mandatory for remotely controlling the system in real time. It is necessary to establish a methodology for the measurement of video and network latency to improve the real-time controllability and safety of the system as such measurement is not possible using existing solutions due to the following reasons: insufficient accuracy, relying on the Internet resources such as generic Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers, inability to obtain one-way delay measurement, and many solutions only having support for web cameras. Here, an efficient, reliable, and cost-effective methodology for the measurement of latency of a video stream over a LAN and the Internet is proposed. A dedicated stratum-1 NTP server is used and the necessary software needed for acquiring and measuring the latency of a video stream from a generic IP camera as well as integration into the existing ROV control software was developed. Here, by using the software and dedicated clock synchronization equipment (NTP server), it was found that normal video latencies in a LAN were in the range of 488ms – 850ms, while latencies over the Internet were measured to be in the range of 558ms – 1211ms. It is important to note that the values were obtained by using a generic (off-the-shelf) IP camera and they represent the actual latencies which might be experienced during control over long range and across international territory borders.

scholarly journals Real-Time Secure/Unsecure Video Latency Measurement/Analysis with FPGA-Based Bump-in-the-Wire Security

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Admir Kaknjo ◽  
Muzaffar Rao ◽  
Edin Omerdic ◽  
Thomas Newe ◽  
Daniel Toal
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Video Stream ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Wire

With the growth of the internet of things (IoT), many challenges like information security and privacy, interoperability/standard, and regulatory and legal issues are arising. This work focused on the information security issue, which is one of the primary challenges faced by connected systems that needs to be resolved without impairing system behaviour. Information, which is made available on the Internet by the things, varies from insensitive information (e.g., readings from outdoor temperature sensors) to extremely sensitive information (e.g., video stream from a camera) and needs to be secured over the Internet. Things which utilise cameras as a source of information pertain to a subclass of the IoT called IoVT (internet of video things). This paper presents secured and unsecured video latency measurement results over the Internet for a marine ROV (remotely operated vehicle). A LabVIEW field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)-based bump-in-the-wire (BITW) secure core is used to provide an AES (advanced encryption standard)-enabled security feature on the video stream of an IoVT node (ROV equipped with a live-feed camera). The designed LabVIEW-based software architecture provides an option to enable/disable the AES encryption for the video transmission. The latency effects of embedding encryption on the stream with real-time constraints are measured and presented. It is found that the encryption mechanism used does not greatly influence the video feedback performance of the observed IoVT node, which is critical for real-time secure video communication for ROV remote control and piloting. The video latency measurement results are taken using 128, 256 and 512 bytes block lengths of AES for both H.264 and MJPEG encoding schemes transmitted over both TCP and UDP transmission protocols. The latency measurement is performed in two scenarios (i.e., with matching equipment and different equipment on either end of the transmission).

A Cast Study to Investigate an Affordable Cloud-based Server for Worksharing to Benefit Academia & Small Businesses

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Prof. Swarnali Ghosh Dastider ◽  
Luis Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Digital Models ◽  
Virtual Design ◽  
Design And Construction

Real-time collaboration of multiple digital models is vital for successful construction projects using Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) or Building Information Modeling (BIM). Real-time collaboration allows users to workshare within a multidisciplinary team to co-author multiple smart digital models for better efficiency. This can be done in two ways, either using a physical server (Local Area Network/LAN server) or cloud-based server (Wide Area Network/WAN server). Such cloud-based servers are A360, C4R, Collaboration for Revit, or BIM360Design collaborate, etc. However, above-mentioned cloud services come at a significant price, making it challenging for academia and small businesses to perform real-time collaboration using BIM/VDC models. To find an affordable alternative, an attempt was made as part of the Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) course offered by the Construction Science and Management Department (CSM). For this case study, a popular and free (Google) cloud server was tested as a WAN server to host four multidisciplinary collaborative VDC central models for five users across five different geographic locations and time zones. The study rendered successful results to establish a real-time collaborative workshare environment; hence, can significantly benefit academia and small business.

The System Design of Wireless Video Transmission Based on PTZ Control

2014 ◽  
Vol 1006-1007 ◽  
pp. 723-726
Author(s):  
Shi Yu Huan
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Video Transmission ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wireless Video ◽  
The Real ◽  
Wireless Video Transmission ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

Along with the rapid expansion of automation, communication, the Internet of things technology, and video image processing technology, the wireless video transmission technology based on the embedded system is becoming increasingly more mature. In this paper, what has been designed and managed to be perfectly applied is a transmission system of high reliability and convenience which based on the technique of pan-tilt control and integrated the technology of wireless LAN, embedded technology, video transmission technology. The paper briefly introduces the research background of the system, current research status at home and abroad, the development trend and the significance of this design project. What is more is that the article goes through the hardware and software design of the pan-tilt control circuit and software of real-time video transmission in a detailed way. The biggest is that this project has made the real-time video transmission in the local area network came true and you can check the real-time dynamic video images by browsing the web through you mobile phone.

scholarly journals Underground Coal Mine Fingerprint Positioning Based on the MA-VAP Method

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5401
Author(s):  
Mingzhi Song ◽  
Jiansheng Qian
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Wireless Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Kernel Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
Access Points

The access points (APs) in a coal mine wireless local area network (WLAN) are generally sparsely distributed. It can, with difficulty, satisfy the basic requirements of the fingerprint positioning based on Wi-Fi. Currently, the effectiveness of positioning is ensured by deploying more APs in an underground tunnel, which significantly increases system cost. This problem can be solved by using the Virtual Access Point (VAP) method that introduces virtual access points (VAPs), which can be virtually arranged in any part of the positioning area without installing actual access points. The drawback of the VAP method is that the generated received signal strength (RSS) value of a VAP is calculated based on the mapping of RSS value from only one corresponding access point (AP). This drawback does not consider the correlation between different AP signals and the generated RSS value of a VAP, which makes the modeling of fingerprint samples and real-time RSS collection incomplete. This study proposed a Multi-Association Virtual Access Point (MA-VAP) method takes into account the influence of multi-association. The multi-association coefficient is calculated based on the correlation between the RSS values of a VAP and multiple access points (APs). Then, the RSS value generated by a VAP is calculated using the multi-association function. The real-time collected RSS values from multiple APs related to this VAP are the input of the multi-association function. The influence of the number of VAPs and their arrangement on positioning accuracy is also analyzed. The experimental positioning results show that the proposed MA-VAP method achieves better positioning performance than the VAP method for the same VAP arrangement. Combined with the Weight K-Nearest Neighbors (WKNN) algorithm and Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) algorithm, the positioning error of the MA-VAP method of the error distance cumulative distribution function (CDF) at 90% is 4.5 m (with WKNN) and 3.5 m (with KPCA) in the environment with non-line-of-sight (NLOS) interference, and the positioning accuracy is improved by 10% (with WKNN) and 22.2% (with KPCA) compared with the VAP method. The MA-VAP method not only effectively solves the fingerprint positioning problem when APs are sparse deployed, but also improves the positioning accuracy.

LXI Precision Time Protocol Applied Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 330 ◽  
pp. 561-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Li ◽  
Chun Ping Wang ◽  
Zhi Qiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Test System ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Automatic Test System ◽  
Precision Time ◽  
Precise Time

In order to meet the real-time demands of some equipment networked test, the time synchronization techniques of ATS based traditional instrument buses are compared with the techniques of LXI ATS. Accordingly，the necessity of LXI ATS time synchronization technique study is put forward. The sorts of time synchronization techniques based on Local Area Network are analyzed. In addition, some methods which could improve the level of LXI data real-time communications are presented. Afterwards, technique realizations of PTP are studied in detail. Local Area Network techniques and IEEE 1588 Precise Time Protocol are adopted in the LXI Automatic Test System which designed in the paper, and the level of time synchronization precision in the system is improved.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review on IoT Protocols’ Features in Smart Grid Communication

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilia Tightiz ◽  
Hyosik Yang
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Micro Grid ◽  
Smart Grid Communication

Since the smart grid deals with a large mass of data and critical missions, it requires ubiquitous, reliable, and real-time communication. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which has the potential of connecting all objects over the globe through the Internet, excels in providing robust information transmission infrastructure in the smart grid. There are a multitude of possible protocols, standards, and configurations for communication in the smart grid. A commonly applied communication standard IEC 61850 recommends the use of Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) protocol for communication in Local Area Network (LAN) and eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) in Wide Area Network (WAN). However, a plethora of research on this topic compares the behavior of other IoT protocols and standard recommendations in the smart grid. On the other hand, the sky-rocketing penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), especially in the form of micro grid, transformed the central control structure of the smart grid into a distributed style called Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). This new approach defined new communication requirements and more particular IoT protocol characteristic requirements. However, a limited number of the existing studies have considered IoT protocol characteristic requirements of the smart grid and its new control structures. In this paper, we initially investigate the communication requirements of the smart grid and introduce all IoT protocols and their specifications. We analyze IoT protocol characteristics and performances in the smart grid through literature review based on the smart grid communication requirements. In this approach, we highlight weak points of these practices making them fail to acquire the holistic guidelines in utilizing proper IoT protocol that can meet the smart grid environment interaction requirements. Using the existing facilities, the public Internet, we follow the arrangement of cost-effective high penetration communication requirements for new structures of the smart grid, i.e., the MAS and multi-micro grid. In this case, we consider IoT protocol Quality of Services (QoS) requirements, especially in the case of security and reliability, to satisfy stakeholders, namely utilities and prosumers. Addressing effective elements in applying IoT in the smart grid’s future trends is another contribution to this paper.

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Technology Networking for Real-Time Monitoring in Freight Railroad Operations

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradhumna Lal Shrestha ◽  
Michael Hempel ◽  
Sushanta Rakshit ◽  
Hamid Sharif ◽  
John Punwani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Wireless Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Linear Chain ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Communication Range ◽  
Hybrid Technology ◽  
Cluster Communication

Traditional Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) solutions have been deemed insufficient to address the requirements of freight railroad companies to implement real-time monitoring and control of their trains, tracks and wayside equipment. With only ZigBee-based elements, the transmission capabilities of WSN devices are limited in terms of coverage range and throughput. This leads to severe delay and congestion in the network, particularly in railroad scenarios that usually require the nodes to be arranged in linear chain-like topology. In such a multi-hop topology to communicate from one end of a train to the locomotive — and due to ZigBee’s limited communication range — data needs to be transmitted using a very high number of hops and thus generates long delays and congestion problems. To overcome this drawback, we have proposed a heterogeneous multi-hop networking approach called “Hybrid Technology Networking” (HTN). In HTN we combined Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies like WiFi, which provide improved communication range and higher data rates, with low-power communication technologies like ZigBee. This significantly reduces the number of hops required to deliver data across the network and hence solves the issues of delay and congestion, while also achieving superior enery efficiency and network lifetime. The sensor nodes are logically divided into clusters and each cluster has a WiFi “gateway”. All intra-cluster communication is achieved via IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee protocols, while all inter-cluster communication utilizes WiFi protocol standards. To implement our proposed technology in railroad networks, we are designing hardware prototypes and simulation models to evaluate the functionality and performance of our HTN solution, which is designed around a dual network stack design governed by the HTN protocol. This ensures full compliance with IEEE and industry communication protocols for interoperability. Since no simulation tools that seamlessly combine both WSN and WLAN technologies in a single module exist, we wrote our own simulation environment using OPNET. In this paper, we have provided information of implementing the HTN protocol in OPNET and the simulation results for different scenarios relevant to railroad operations. These results will demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed system as well as provide the baseline data for testing the hardware devices in live networks. Under simulated traffic and channel conditions and device configurations, we observed a decrease of 77.27% in end-to-end delay and an increase of 69.70% in received data volume when using HTN compared to ZigBee-only multi-hop networks, simulated over 14 railcars in railroad-relevant scenarios.

A local area network architecture for communication in distributed real-time systems

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Arvind ◽  
Krithi Ramamritham ◽  
John A. Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Real Time Systems ◽  
Time Systems

UAV Avionics System Software Development Using Simulation Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Brzozowski ◽  
Wiesław Sobieraj ◽  
Konrad Wojtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
System Software ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Research Platform

During last few years avionics system research platform was invented at the Military University of Technology. This modular simulator allows user to design and verify avionics system software using hardware-in-the-loop technique. Mathematical model of an airplane under tests is implemented on a high-performance computer which response to all control signals and environmental disturbances. Environment is simulated on a separate computer which can also visualize orientation and movement of the airplane. Plane structure and aerodynamic features as well as control data can be modified accordingly to user needs. The third PC is used as an interface unit between research platform and main computational unit of the avionics system. This device can send and receive information in real-time using various data protocols and interfaces depending on sensors and actuators that are planned to be used in real system. Those three computers work in a local area network and exchange data using Gigabit Ethernet standard. Possibility to simulate behavior of an UAV controlled by the developed avionics system implemented on an embedded computer working in hardware-in-the-loop mode on the platform, allows software developer to debug any part of the application in various environment conditions very close to reality. Research platform gives also the possibility to modify algorithm and adjust its parameters in real-time to verify suitability of the implemented avionics system software for the particular UAV. The avionics system software developed using this simulation method minimize expensive in-flight tests and assure failsafe performance after first successful flight

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